{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:52:57Z","timestamp":1788562377088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Basel"},{"name":"The Kermanshah University for Medical Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), recently renamed cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS), is a set of behavioral symptoms that includes excessive daydreaming, mental confusion and fogginess, being lost in one\u2019s thoughts, and slowed behavior and thinking. Symptoms of SCT show overlap with a broad range of other symptoms such as attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder inattention, anxiety, and depression, or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). To measure SCT, one of the optimal measures is the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI). Here, we report the psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the CABI Parent Version, including the CABI SCT scale and its subscales. Methods: The participants were the parents of 209 children and adolescents (53.9% girls; ages 8\u201319 years; Mage = 14.23, SDage = 2.72). Parents completed the SCT, ADHD inattention (ADHD-IN), ADHD-hyperactivity\/impulsivity (ADHD-HI), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), limited prosocial emotions (callous-unemotional (CU) traits), anxiety, depression, social impairment, and academic impairment scales of the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI). Parents also completed four dimensions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ: emotional problems; conduct problems; peer problems; prosocial behavior), and five dimensions of the Kidscreen questionnaire (physical health; psychological well-being; autonomy and parental well-being; peers and social support; school environment). Results: SCT symptoms demonstrated strong discriminant validity from the ADHD-IN symptoms. SCT showed stronger first-order and unique associations than ADHD-IN with anxiety, depression, and ODD, whereas ADHD-IN showed stronger first-order and unique associations than SCT with ADHD-HI, CU, and social and academic impairment. Further, SCT showed stronger first-order and unique associations than ADHD-IN with more emotional problems, peer problems, and with lower prosocial behavior, as assessed with the SDQ. Higher scores for SCT were associated with lower psychological well-being, autonomy and parental relations, and lower peer and social support, as assessed with the Kidscreen. Higher ADHD-IN scores were associated with lower peer and social support, and a lower school environment. Conclusions: The Farsi version of the CABI\u2013Parent Version has very good psychometric properties for assessing SCT and other dimensions of psychopathology\/impairment and replicates the findings from similar studies with children and adolescents from South Korea, Spain, Turkey, and the United States. Accordingly, the present study provides further support of the transcultural validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo construct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"6346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Sluggish Cognitive Tempo among Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Validation Study of the Farsi Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI)\u2013Parent Version"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dena","family":"Sadeghi-Bahmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youkhabeh","family":"Mohammadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laleh Sadeghi","family":"Bahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Psychology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University, Esfahan 81799-49999, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahid","family":"Piri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4704-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette Beatrix","family":"Br\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Leonard","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Washington, DC 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran"},{"name":"Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14166-34793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3101_14","article-title":"Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type","volume":"31","author":"Carlson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.12.006","article-title":"The Internal, External, and Diagnostic Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review","volume":"55","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9825-x","article-title":"Sluggish cognitive tempo in abnormal child psychology: An historical overview and introduction to the special section","volume":"42","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, S.P., Willcutt, E.G., Leopold, D.R., Fredrick, J.W., Smith, Z.R., Jacobson, L.A., Burns, G.L., Mayes, S.D., Waschbusch, D.A., and Froehlich, T.E. (2022). Report of a work group on sluggish cognitive tempo: Key research directions and a consensus change in terminology to cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS). J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.07.821"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-020-01110-5","article-title":"Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Turkish Children and Adolescents","volume":"52","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1678165","article-title":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Symptoms in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Children: Differentiation Using Categorical and Dimensional Approaches","volume":"50","author":"Burns","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.01.016","article-title":"Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms in relation to task-unrelated thought: Examining unique links with mind-wandering and rumination","volume":"123","author":"Fredrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000946","article-title":"Assessing sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD inattention in elementary students: Empirical differentiation, invariance across sex and grade, and measurement precision","volume":"32","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Barkley, R.A. (2018). Barkley Sluggish Cogntive Tempo Scale-Children and Adolescents, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.734259","article-title":"Distinguishing Sluggish Cognitive Tempo From ADHD in Children and Adolescents: Executive Functioning, Impairment, and Comorbidity","volume":"42","author":"Barkley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserman, T., and Drucker Wasserman, L. (2016). Depathologizing Psychopathology: The Neuroscience of Mental Illness and Its Treatment, Springer International Publishing AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30910-1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200405000-00012","article-title":"Should sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms be included in the diagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder?","volume":"43","author":"Todd","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9355-8","article-title":"Evaluating the utility of sluggish cognitive tempo in discriminating among DSM-IV ADHD subtypes","volume":"38","author":"Harrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1795","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1795","article-title":"Practical consequences of model misfit when using rating scales to assess the severity of attention problems in children","volume":"28","author":"Tendeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547211050946","article-title":"\u201cMy mom calls it Annaland\u201d: A Qualitative Study of Phenomenology, Daily Life Impacts, and Treatment Considerations of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo","volume":"26","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000671","article-title":"Sleepy, sluggish, worried, or down? The distinction between self-reported sluggish cognitive tempo, daytime sleepiness, and internalizing symptoms in youth with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17m11553","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11553","article-title":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Possible Predictor of Methylphenidate Response in Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"79","author":"Froehlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054720902846","article-title":"An Open-Label Trial of Methylphenidate Treating Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, Inattention, and Hyperactivity\/Impulsivity Symptoms Among 6- to 12-Year-Old ADHD Children: What Are the Predictors of Treatment Response at Home and School?","volume":"25","author":"Gul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0115","article-title":"Atomoxetine-Related Change in Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Is Partially Independent of Change in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Inattentive Symptoms","volume":"27","author":"McBurnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2013.0054","article-title":"Atomoxetine improved attention in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"23","author":"Wietecha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1228461","article-title":"Predictors of Response to Behavioral Treatments Among Children With ADHD-Inattentive Type","volume":"47","author":"Owens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Burns, G.L., Lee, S., Servera, M., McBurnett, K., and Becker, S.P. (2018). Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory-Parent Version 1.1., Author."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-020-09821-8","article-title":"Internal and External Validity of Self-Report and Parent-Report Measures of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in South Korean Adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01596-1","article-title":"Association of foster care and its duration with clinical symptoms and impairment: Foster care versus non-foster care comparisons with Spanish children","volume":"29","author":"Servera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1416619","article-title":"Optimal Items for Assessing Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children Across Mother, Father, and Teacher Ratings","volume":"48","author":"Servera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Eberhard, D.M., Simons, G.F., and Fenning, C.D. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the World; Languages of Asia, Sil International Global Publishing. [25th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Windfuhr, G. (2009). The Iranian Languages, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Lonner, W.J., and Berry, J.W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instrument. Field Methods in Cross-Cultural Research, SAGE."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00014","article-title":"Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures","volume":"25","author":"Beaton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"27","article-title":"The farsi version of the strength and difficulties questionnaire selfreport form: The normative data and scale properties","volume":"3","author":"Alavi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iran. J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"33","article-title":"Validity of Farsi Version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)","volume":"8","author":"Tehranidoust","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2133","article-title":"Psychometric properties of KIDSCREEN health-related quality of life questionnaire in Iranian adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Parizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res. Int. J. Qual. Life Asp. Treat. Care Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L.K., and Muth\u00e9n, B.O. (2017). Mplus User\u2019s Guide, Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008204","article-title":"Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"16","author":"Asparouhov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00603-9","article-title":"Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Adolescents with and without ADHD: Differentiation from Adolescent-Reported ADHD Inattention and Unique Associations with Internalizing Domains","volume":"48","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000375","article-title":"Clinical differentiation of sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"127","author":"Servera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredrick, J.W., and Becker, S.P. (2022). Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (Sluggish Cognitive Tempo) and Social Withdrawal: Advancing a Conceptual Model to Guide Future Research. J. Atten. Disord.","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547221114602"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.2.329","article-title":"A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior","volume":"44","author":"Patterson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1348\/026151008X285651","article-title":"Parents, parenting, and children\u2019s sleep problems: Exploring reciprocal effects","volume":"26","author":"Bell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9572-9","article-title":"The effects of parental depressive symptoms, appraisals, and physical punishment on later child externalizing behavior","volume":"40","author":"Callender","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9332-2","article-title":"Interactions between maternal parenting and children\u2019s early disruptive behavior: Bidirectional associations across the transition from preschool to school entry","volume":"37","author":"Olson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredrick, J.W., Yeaman, K.M., Yu, X., Langberg, J.M., and Becker, S.P. (2022). A multi-method examination of sluggish cognitive tempo in relation to adolescent sleep, daytime sleepiness, and circadian preference. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13568"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02079-0","article-title":"The impact of bedtime procrastination on depression symptoms in Chinese medical students","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00963","article-title":"Bedtime Procrastination, Sleep-Related Behaviors, and Demographic Factors in an Online Survey on a Polish Sample","volume":"13","author":"Krzywoszanski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00611","article-title":"Bedtime procrastination: Introducing a new area of procrastination","volume":"5","author":"Kroese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100518","article-title":"Do procrastinators get worse sleep? Cross-sectional study of US adolescents and young adults","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, P., Cruz, V., Teixeira, S., Fuentes, S., and Ros\u00e1rio, P. (2020). An Exploratory Study on Sleep Procrastination: Bedtime vs. While-in-Bed Procrastination. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165892"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2018.1491850","article-title":"The Explanations People Give for Going to Bed Late: A Qualitative Study of the Varieties of Bedtime Procrastination","volume":"17","author":"Nauts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.20014","article-title":"Matters of the Mind-Bedtime Procrastination, Relaxation-Induced Anxiety, Lonely Tweeters","volume":"323","author":"Rubin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., and Brand, S. (2022). Sleep patterns, sluggish cognitive tempo, and daytime sleepiness-a commentary on Fredrick et al. (2022). J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13693"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718757647","article-title":"The Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility and Task-Related Heart Rate Variability in Children With ADHD and Healthy Controls","volume":"24","author":"Ludyga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1593-7","article-title":"Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: A systematic literature review","volume":"124","author":"Heijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00249","article-title":"Acute Bouts of Exercising Improved Mood, Rumination and Social Interaction in Inpatients With Mental Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Brand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101380","article-title":"Physical activity interventions can improve emotion regulation and dimensions of empathy in persons with multiple sclerosis: An exploratory study","volume":"37","author":"Bahmani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.08.007","article-title":"Associations between screen time and short sleep duration among adolescents varies by media type: Evidence from a cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Hisler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-019-09630-7","article-title":"Media Use Is Linked to Lower Psychological Well-Being: Evidence from Three Datasets","volume":"90","author":"Twenge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.08.013","article-title":"Decreases in self-reported sleep duration among U.S. adolescents 2009-2015 and association with new media screen time","volume":"39","author":"Twenge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000403","article-title":"Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents after 2012 and links to screen time during the rise of smartphone technology","volume":"18","author":"Twenge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emotion"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/21\/6346\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:04:14Z","timestamp":1760144654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/21\/6346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11216346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11216346","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]}}}