{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:30:27Z","timestamp":1791041427792,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma ranks fifth amongst the most common malignancies and is the third most common cause of cancer-related death globally. Artificial Intelligence is a rapidly growing field of interest. Following the PRISMA reporting guidelines, we conducted a systematic review to retrieve articles reporting the application of AI in HCC detection and characterization. A total of 27 articles were included and analyzed with our composite score for the evaluation of the quality of the publications. The contingency table reported a statistically significant constant improvement over the years of the total quality score (p = 0.004). Different AI methods have been adopted in the included articles correlated with 19 articles studying CT (41.30%), 20 studying US (43.47%), and 7 studying MRI (15.21%). No article has discussed the use of artificial intelligence in PET and X-ray technology. Our systematic approach has shown that previous works in HCC detection and characterization have assessed the comparability of conventional interpretation with machine learning using US, CT, and MRI. The distribution of the imaging techniques in our analysis reflects the usefulness and evolution of medical imaging for the diagnosis of HCC. Moreover, our results highlight an imminent need for data sharing in collaborative data repositories to minimize unnecessary repetition and wastage of resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"6368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4016-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Martinino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1825-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Aloulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo 12212, Syria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1975-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surobhi","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9434-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Scarano Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurabh","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, BLK-MAX Superspeciality Hospital, New Delhi 110005, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-4089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapan","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Baroda Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara 390001, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Paul-Emile","family":"Kirchgesner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Agnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Annunziata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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