{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:26:07Z","timestamp":1792790767920,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rare cardiovascular diseases (RCDs) have low incidence but major clinical impact. RCDs\u2019 classification includes Class I\u2014systemic circulation, Class II\u2014pulmonary circulation, Class III\u2014cardiomyopathies, Class IV\u2014congenital cardiovascular diseases (CVD), Class V\u2014cardiac tumors and CVD in malignancy, Class VI\u2014cardiac arrhythmogenic disorders, Class VII\u2014CVD in pregnancy, Class VIII\u2014unclassified rare CVD. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is useful in the diagnosis\/management of RCDs, as it performs angiography, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization in the same examination. Edema expressed as a high signal in STIRT2 or increased T2 mapping is common in acute\/active inflammatory states. Diffuse subendocardial fibrosis, expressed as diffuse late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), is characteristic of microvascular disease as in systemic sclerosis, small vessel vasculitis, cardiac amyloidosis, and metabolic disorders. Replacement fibrosis, expressed as LGE, in the inferolateral wall of the left ventricle (LV) is typical of neuromuscular disorders. Patchy LGE with concurrent edema is typical of myocarditis, irrespective of the cause. Cardiac hypertrophy is characteristic in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), cardiac amyloidosis (CA) and Anderson\u2013Fabry Disease (AFD), but LGE is located in the IVS, subendocardium and lateral wall in HCM, CA and AFD, respectively. Native T1 mapping is increased in HCM and CA and reduced in AFD. Magnetic resonance angiography provides information on aortopathies, such as Marfan, Turner syndrome and Takayasu vasculitis. LGE in the right ventricle is the typical finding of ARVC, but it may involve LV, leading to the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Tissue changes in RCDs may be detected only through parametric imaging indices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"6403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Patterns in Rare Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Markousis-Mavrogenis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Giannakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Belegrinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Roser","family":"Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laikon Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Vartela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antigoni","family":"Papavasiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iaso Children\u2019s Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7252-6621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Christidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Euromedica MRI Unit, 54645 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9908-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soultana","family":"Kourtidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genovefa","family":"Kolovou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Bacopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAgia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3098-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George P.","family":"Chrousos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAgia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie I.","family":"Mavrogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"University Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, \u201cAgia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R310","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00825-4","article-title":"BDNF","volume":"12","author":"McAllister","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. 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