{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:42:33Z","timestamp":1789828953996,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) is believed to be effective in treating intrahepatic stones; however, reports on its efficacy are few. We reviewed the results of intrahepatic stones treated with fluoroscopic guidance or POCS. This study included 26 patients who underwent endoscopic treatment for intrahepatic stones at our institution between January 2017 and December 2021. We retrospectively evaluated the procedure time and adverse events in the first session and the rate of complete stone removal. Complete stone removal was achieved in 92% (24\/26); POCS was required in 16 of 26 (62%) procedures and the complete stone removal was achieved in 15 of 16 (94%) of these procedures. The POCS group had a significantly longer procedure time than the fluoroscopy group. Cholangitis incidence was high; however, no difference was noted between patients with and without POCS, and all cases were mild and treated conservatively. Endoscopic treatment for intrahepatic stones may lead to an increase in the incidence of cholangitis, requires specialized devices such as a cholangioscope, and should be performed in an established institution by experienced staff. POCS is useful for intrahepatic stones formed upstream of the stenosis and intrahepatic stones piled in the bile duct.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T07:26:50Z","timestamp":1667114810000},"page":"6425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Usefulness of Peroral Cholangioscopy for Intrahepatic Stones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9682-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1096-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiho","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Shimosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-9916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wataru","family":"Hamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Koda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0310-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takumi","family":"Onoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5680-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuya","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Yashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Isomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 36-1, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.116","article-title":"H epatolithiasis: Analysis of Japanese nationwide surveys over a period of 40 years","volume":"21","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatobil. Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troncone, E., Mossa, M., De Vico, P., Monteleone, G., and Del Vecchio Blanco, G. (2022). Difficult biliary stones: A comprehensive review of new and old lithotripsy techniques. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010120"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7213043","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7213043","article-title":"Four major factors contributing to intrahepatic stones","volume":"2017","author":"Ran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-020-00765-3","article-title":"Management of hepatolithiasis: Review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Lorio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-06962-0","article-title":"Digital single-operator video cholangioscopy in treating refractory biliary stones: A multicenter observational study","volume":"34","author":"Bokemeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2020.425","article-title":"Recent advances in the management of difficult bile-duct stones: A focus on single-operator cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy","volume":"36","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70040-0","article-title":"Peroral cholangioscopic treatment of hepatolithiasis: Long-term results","volume":"56","author":"Okugawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-5221-2","article-title":"Usefulness of the single-operator cholangioscopy system SpyGlass in biliary disease: A single-center prospective cohort study and aggregated review","volume":"31","author":"Laleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E796","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1153-8950","article-title":"Digital per-oral cholangioscopy to diagnose and manage biliary duct disorders: A single-center retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"Oleas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03594.x","article-title":"Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"96","author":"Masci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. 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