{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:04:20Z","timestamp":1790960660495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Tourette Association of America","award":["R01MH104030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH104030"]}]},{"name":"The Tourette Association of America","award":["1R01 MH104030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 MH104030"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01MH104030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH104030"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1R01 MH104030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 MH104030"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01MH104030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH104030"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1R01 MH104030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01 MH104030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past 3 years, a global phenomenon has emerged characterized by the sudden onset and frequently rapid escalation of tics and tic-like movements and phonations. These symptoms have occurred not only in youth known to have tics or Tourette syndrome (TS), but also, and more notably, in youth with no prior history of tics. The Tourette Association of America (TAA) convened an international, multidisciplinary working group to better understand this apparent presentation of functional neurological disorder (FND) and its relationship to TS. Here, we review and summarize the literature relevant to distinguish the two, with recommendations to clinicians for diagnosis and management. Finally, we highlight areas for future emphasis and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T06:01:28Z","timestamp":1667282488000},"page":"6470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Diagnosis and Management of Functional Tic-Like Phenomena"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6914-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene A.","family":"Malaty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonaid","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Diverse.org, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine\/NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy L.","family":"Budman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, Zucker School of Medicine, Hofstra\/Northwell, Uniondale, NY 11549, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2474-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith A.","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Okun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-5566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Quezada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Robichaux-Viehoever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.03.004","article-title":"Clinical features of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders","volume":"3","author":"Leckman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Obsessive-Compulsive Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583744","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.583744","article-title":"Adverse Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown in Individuals With Tourette Syndrome in Italy: An Online Survey","volume":"11","author":"Conte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guido, C.A., Loffredo, L., Zicari, A.M., Pavone, P., Savasta, S., Gagliano, A., Brindisi, G., Galardini, G., Bertolini, A., and Spalice, A. (2021). 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