{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:00:04Z","timestamp":1773334804853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["31960185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960185"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["2946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2946"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation","award":["2021QN013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021QN013"]}]},{"name":"2021 Northwest Normal University Young Teachers\u2019 Research Ability Improvement Program","award":["31960185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960185"]}]},{"name":"2021 Northwest Normal University Young Teachers\u2019 Research Ability Improvement Program","award":["2946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2946"]}]},{"name":"2021 Northwest Normal University Young Teachers\u2019 Research Ability Improvement Program","award":["2021QN013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021QN013"]}]},{"name":"Phased Research Achievements of Gansu Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project in 2021","award":["31960185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960185"]}]},{"name":"Phased Research Achievements of Gansu Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project in 2021","award":["2946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2946"]}]},{"name":"Phased Research Achievements of Gansu Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project in 2021","award":["2021QN013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021QN013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conflict adaptation is representative of the dynamic cognitive control process, which reflects the adaptability and flexibility of personal cognitive processing. Cognitive control plays an important role in drug use and relapse in addicts. Previous studies have identified conscious conflict adaptation in drug addicts. The present study examined unconscious conflict adaptation in persons with heroin use disorder using an arrow version meta-contrast masking task. The results found that persons with heroin use disorder had smaller unconscious conflict adaptation compared to the healthy control group. This may be a result of functional brain damage caused by long-term drug use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T03:53:07Z","timestamp":1667447587000},"page":"6504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unconscious Conflict Adaptation of Heroin Abstainers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2296-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.121.4.480","article-title":"Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses","volume":"121","author":"Gratton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.012","article-title":"Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex activity in an FMRI study of trial-to-trial adjustments on the Simon task","volume":"33","author":"Kerns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.11.013","article-title":"Neural time course of conflict adaptation effects on the Stroop task","volume":"47","author":"Larson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193821","article-title":"Top-down and bottom-up sequential modulations of congruency effects","volume":"13","author":"Notebaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.05.006","article-title":"Conflict and error adaptation in the Simon task","volume":"136","author":"Notebaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"271","article-title":"It is not what you expect: Dissociating conflict adaptation from expectancies in a Stroop task","volume":"39","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.023","article-title":"Conflict adaptation and sequential trial effects: Support for the conflict monitoring theory","volume":"49","author":"Clayson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2014.00581","article-title":"Conflict Adaptation Is Independent of Consciousness: Behavioral and ERP Evidence","volume":"46","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NERV.0000026647.71528.83","article-title":"Clinical implications and methodological challenges in the study of the neuropsychological correlates of cannabis, stimulant, and opioid abuse","volume":"14","author":"Gimenez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20120960","article-title":"Abnormal function of the posterior cingulated cortex in heroin addicted users during resting-state and drug-cue stimulation task","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.07.031","article-title":"Attentional control and brain metabolite levels in methamphetamine abusers","volume":"61","author":"Salo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.02.002","article-title":"Deficits in response inhibition associated with chronic methamphetamine abuse","volume":"79","author":"Monterosso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.012","article-title":"Attentional bias in opioid users: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"191","author":"MacLean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.08.004","article-title":"Cognitive control and white matter callosal microstructure in methamphetamine-dependent subjects: A diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"65","author":"Salo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1283695","article-title":"Effect of drug-related cues on response inhibition through abstinence: A pilot study in male heroin abstainers","volume":"43","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.10.003","article-title":"Behavioral regulation in methamphetamine abusers: An fMRI study","volume":"211","author":"Salo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"814","article-title":"Conflict Adaptation of Long-term Heroin Abstainers: Evidence from the ERPs","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/46035","article-title":"Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"402","author":"Botvinick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.624","article-title":"Conflict monitoring and cognitive control","volume":"108","author":"Botvinick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.10.003","article-title":"Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update","volume":"8","author":"Botvinick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.4.356","article-title":"Conflict monitoring and decision making: Reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function","volume":"7","author":"Botvinick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.04.023","article-title":"Subcortical processes of motor response inhibition during a stop signal task","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2093","article-title":"Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: A critical review of visual masking","volume":"362","author":"Kouider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00873.x","article-title":"Unconscious priming of a no-go response","volume":"46","author":"Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8053","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1278-08.2008","article-title":"Frontal cortex mediates unconsciously triggered inhibitory control","volume":"28","author":"Ridderinkhof","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Gaal, S., Lamme, V.A.F., and Ridderinkhof, K.R. (2010). Unconsciously triggered conflict adaptation. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011508"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.014","article-title":"Models of response inhibition in the stop\u2013signal and stop\u2013change paradigms","volume":"33","author":"Verbruggen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21431","article-title":"Dissociable brain mechanisms underlying the conscious and unconscious control of behavior","volume":"23","author":"Lamme","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5282.1699","article-title":"Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation","volume":"273","author":"Greenwald","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desender, K., Van Lierde, E., and Van den Bussche, E. (2013). Comparing conscious and unconscious conflict adaptation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055976"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Childress, A.R., Ehrman, R.N., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Sciortino, N., Hakun, J., Jens, W., Suh, J., Listerud, J., and Marquez, K. (2008). Prelude to passion: Limbic activation by \u201cunseen\u201d drug and sexual cues. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001506"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1247","article-title":"The Study of Subliminal Affective Priming Effects in Heroin Abstainers","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"473","article-title":"Electrophysiological Evidence of Abnormal Executive Control Function among Heroin Treatment Patients","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193270","article-title":"Accounting for sequential trial effects in the flanker task: Conflict adaptation or associative priming?","volume":"34","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Memoy Cogn."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Conflict Adaptation is Induced by the Observation of Conflict: An ERP Study","volume":"42","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Sin."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.107738","article-title":"Defensive motivation increases conflict adaptation through local changes in cognitive control: Evidence from ERPs and mid-frontal theta","volume":"148","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2018.1434132","article-title":"Conflict-driven adaptive control is enhanced by integral negative emotion on a short time scale","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06298.x","article-title":"The clinical significance of drug craving","volume":"1248","author":"Tiffany","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.04.005","article-title":"Immediate and long-term priming effects are independent of prime awareness","volume":"20","author":"Francken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.03.010","article-title":"Is consciousness necessary for conflict detection and conflict resolution?","volume":"247","author":"Xiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.03.053","article-title":"Neural activity associated with cognitive regulation in heroin users: A fMRI study","volume":"382","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.09.011","article-title":"Opiate addicts lack errordependent activation of rostal anterior cingulated","volume":"55","author":"Forman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.8.2.225","article-title":"\u201cLoss of control\u201d in alcoholism and drug addiction: A neuroscientific interpretation","volume":"8","author":"Lyvers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10330","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703225104","article-title":"Anticipation of conlict monitoring in the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex","volume":"104","author":"Sohn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cognitive flexibility, attention and speed of mental processing in opioid and methamphetamine addicts in comparison with non-addicts","volume":"2","author":"Hekmat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.12.001","article-title":"The relationship between the striatal dopamine transporter and novelty seeking and cognitive flexibility in opioid dependence","volume":"74","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/21\/6504\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:10Z","timestamp":1760144950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/21\/6504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11216504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11216504","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]}}}