{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T18:35:47Z","timestamp":1781894147877,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasma cell mucositis (PCM) is an unusual idiopathic disorder characterized by dense infiltrates of plasma cells in submucosa. Clinical phenotypes of oral plasma cell mucositis (o-PMC) are heterogenous. A systematic review has been conducted, aiming to synthesize the available evidence on o-PCM. Literature search, study design, and data analysis were performed following PRISMA guidelines. The SPIDER and the PICO tools were used to structure the research question. In all, 79 case reports and 19 case series on a total of 158 patients (85 females and 73 males; average age: 44.1 years) were identified. Among oral sites involved, gingiva (65.82%) was the most frequent site. The main clinical phenotype was erythema (99.37%). In relation to symptoms, pain (60.76%) was the most reported. On histological examination, all samples showed a dense inflammatory infiltration with predominant plasma cells. The treatment regimens of o-PCM were summarized in six groups: irritant removal; topical\/systemic corticosteroids; topical\/systemic immunosuppressants\/immunomodulators; surgery and similar treatments; radiotherapy and chemotherapy; other therapies, such as antifungals, antibiotics, and antivirals drugs. This is the first systematic review aimed to synthesize the findings of studies on o-PCM. The lack of universally shared information on etiological factors and the absence of international consensus of pharmacological protocols make o-PCM a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1667909460000},"page":"6550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pitfalls and Challenges in Oral Plasma Cell Mucositis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Noemi","family":"Coppola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Cantile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, 84121 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4610-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Canfora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3784-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Section of Hygiene, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele Davide","family":"Mignogna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4468-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Leuci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3429632","article-title":"An Uncommon Case of Plasma Cell Mucositis of the Tongue in a Young Man","volume":"2020","author":"Antonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. 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