{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:57:20Z","timestamp":1788386240121,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]],"date-time":"2022-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of non-allergic asthma in childhood is low, peaking in late adulthood. It is triggered by factors other than allergens, like cold and dry air, respiratory infections, hormonal changes, smoke and air pollution. In the literature, there are few studies that describe non-allergic asthma in pediatric age. Even though it is a less common disorder in kids, it is crucial to identify the causes in order to keep asthma under control, particularly in patients not responding to conventional treatments. In this review, we discuss non-IgE-mediated forms of asthma, collecting the latest research on etiopathogenesis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1667909460000},"page":"6567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["An Overview on the Primary Factors That Contribute to Non-Allergic Asthma in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Klain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Dinardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6289-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Salvatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Indolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8503-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Contieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5059-6082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Brindisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Decimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Zicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Miraglia del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.02.010","article-title":"Formoterol, montelukast, and budesonide in asthmatic children: Effect on lung function and exhaled nitric oxide","volume":"101","author":"Piacentini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. 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