{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:21:12Z","timestamp":1790709672593,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Embolization in pediatric patients encompasses a large spectrum of indications, ranging from the elective treatment of congenital diseases of the cardiovascular system to the urgent management of acute hemorrhagic conditions. In particular, the endovascular treatment of central and peripheral vascular malformations and hypervascular tumors represents a wide chapter for both congenital and acquired situations. Thanks to the progressive availability of low-profile endovascular devices and new embolic materials, the mini-invasive approach has gradually overtaken surgery. In this review, the main embolization procedures will be illustrated and discussed, with a focus on clinical indications and expected outcomes. The most recent mini-invasive techniques will be described, with hints on the cutting-edge devices and embolic materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T02:44:32Z","timestamp":1667961872000},"page":"6626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Embolization in Pediatric Patients: A Comprehensive Review of Indications, Procedures, and Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Marra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7555-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbaro","family":"Di Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6991-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Dulcetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0507-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Saverio","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0092-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Muglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-9429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro Andrea","family":"Bonaffini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2478-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2593-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Corvino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Giurazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Muscogiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Luca Hospital, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Venturini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Circolo Hospital, ASST Sette Laghi, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Sironi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venturini, M., Piacentino, F., Coppola, A., Bettoni, V., Macchi, E., De Marchi, G., Curti, M., Ossola, C., Marra, P., and Palmisano, A. 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