{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:36:40Z","timestamp":1773286600564,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) includes a heterogeneous spectrum of rare respiratory disorders in children associated with substantial morbi-mortality. Interstitial tissue, and other pulmonary structures, epithelium, blood vessels, or pleura are involved, resulting in a restrictive lung disfunction. Respiratory symptoms set in progressively and are often subtle, making thorough clinical history and physical examination fundamental. The etiology often is obscure. The clinical presentation mimics pneumonia or asthma, leading to a diagnostic delay. Challenging diagnosis may require genetic tests, bronchoalveolar lavage, or lung biopsy. Alongside general supportive therapeutic measures, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive or antifibrotic agents may be used, based on data derived from adult studies. However, if accurate diagnosis and treatment are delayed, irreversible chronic respiratory failure may ensue, impacting prognosis. The most frequent chILD is hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), although it is rare in children. HP is associated with exposure to an environmental antigen, resulting in inflammation of the airways. Detailed antigen exposure history and identification of the inciting trigger are the cornerstones of diagnostic. This article provides the current state of chILD, revealing specific features of HP, based on a clinical case report of a patient admitted in our clinic, requiring extensive investigations for diagnosis, with a favorable long-term outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:32:16Z","timestamp":1668479536000},"page":"6736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Challenging Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease in Children\u2014One Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-9230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela Daniela","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cMarie S. Curie\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Clinical Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoleta Aurelia","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cMarie S. Curie\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Clinical Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"St\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cMarie S. Curie\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Clinical Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augustina","family":"Enculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cMarie S. Curie\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Clinical Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3188-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"B\u0103lgr\u0103dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cMarie S. Curie\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Clinical Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgiana Mihaela","family":"C\u0103pit\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cMarie S. Curie\u201d Emergency Children\u2019s Clinical Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2509-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragos","family":"Bumb\u0103cea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Acute Respiratory Care, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 041451 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1538795","article-title":"Chronic interstitial lung diseases in children: Diagnosis approaches","volume":"12","author":"Nathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. 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