{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:04:40Z","timestamp":1784559880014,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (va-ECMO) is a specialized temporary support for patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. The true value of this potentially lifesaving modality is still a subject of debate. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the overall in-hospital mortality and identify potential risk factors for mortality. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 453 patients supported with va-ECMO over a period of 14 years who were admitted to intensive care units of a tertiary university center in Austria. Results: We observed in-hospital mortality of 40% for patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. Hemorrhage, ECMO initiation on weekends, higher SAPS III score, and sepsis were identified as significant risk factors for mortality. Hemorrhage was the most common adverse event (46%), with major bleeding events dominating in deceased patients. Thromboembolic events occurred in 25% of patients, followed by sepsis (18%). Conclusions: Although the rates of complications are substantial, a well-selected proportion of patients with refractory cardiogenic shock can be rescued from probable death. The reported risk factors could be used to increase the awareness of clinicians towards the development of new therapeutic concepts that may reduce their incidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T06:02:29Z","timestamp":1668751349000},"page":"6821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["ECMO Support in Refractory Cardiogenic Shock: Risk Factors for Mortality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6193-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasa","family":"Rajsic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Breitkopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Bukumiric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-7338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Treml","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S707","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.03.84","article-title":"Hybrid extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"10","author":"Brasseur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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