{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T21:54:37Z","timestamp":1783547677806,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]],"date-time":"2022-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Turner Syndrome (TS) is the most common sex chromosome abnormality in females and is associated with physical changes, hormone deficiencies, increased risk of autoimmune disease, and ocular complications. In this article, we review the main ocular findings associated with TS and discuss their significance for the patient considering refractive surgery. We also present four cases of TS to highlight the clinical findings that may be present in these patients. The most common ocular manifestations include refractive errors, strabismus, and amblyopia. Less commonly, patients with TS may present with keratoconus, cataracts, glaucoma, uveitis, or other disorders of the posterior segment. When considering corneal refractive surgery in a TS patient, clinicians should perform a thorough ocular history, ask patients about hormone therapy and autoimmune conditions, and pay particular attention to any of the associated ocular symptoms of TS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:33:32Z","timestamp":1669005212000},"page":"6853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Turner Syndrome: Ocular Manifestations and Considerations for Corneal Refractive Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1024-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Moshirfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT 84020, USA"},{"name":"John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Utah Lions Eye Bank, Murray, UT 84107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark T.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3705-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chap-Kay","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2388-7770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Chartrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8852-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmyne C.","family":"Ronquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip C.","family":"Hoopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hoopes Vision Research Center, Hoopes Vision, Draper, UT 84020, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shankar Kikkeri, N., and Nagalli, S. 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