{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T02:17:31Z","timestamp":1787969851935,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the association between the mother\u2019s periodontal condition and perinatal complications, such as preterm birth (PTB) and\/or low birth weight (LBW), in a cohort of women in Valencia, Spain. Other related factors, such as tobacco, were also analysed. A prospective cohort study was carried out in a sample of 102 women with a single foetus and ages ranging between 18 and 42 years. Sociodemographic and obstetric variables, caries status, percentage of bleeding, clinical attachment loss (CAL), and probing pocket depth (PPD) data have been collected and analysed. The mean age was 32.4 years, and the BMI was normal. The average weight of new-borns (NB) was 3034 g. A total of 9.8% of the women smoked during their pregnancy. Bleeding percentage was 16.43% (SD 14.81%) and PPDs &gt; 3 mm 8.8 (SD 11.08). The mean of CAL &gt; 0 mm was 1.14 (SD 2.83). The frequency of PTB and LBW was 26%. No statistically significant differences were found between probing depth &gt; 3 mm or CAL &gt; 1 mm, with PTB and\/or LBW. Periodontal disease in the mother was not statistically significantly related to either PTB or LBW. Tobacco use during pregnancy showed a statistical significance linked to LBW, but not with PTB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:33:32Z","timestamp":1669005212000},"page":"6857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relationship between Periodontal Condition of the Pregnant Woman with Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Gallagher-Cobos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecology and Obstetrics Service, Manises Hospital, 46940 Manises, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3496-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Almerich-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3952-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Montiel-Company","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9290-5402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Enrique","family":"Iranzo-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4363-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Bellot-Arc\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carmelo","family":"Ortol\u00e1-Siscar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9605-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Almerich-Silla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12073","article-title":"Effect of periodontal treatment on preterm birth rate: A systematic review of meta-analyses","volume":"67","author":"Uribe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2022, April 06). Newborns: Improving Survival and Well-Being 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/newborns-reducing-mortality."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"OMS (2012). Born Too Soon. The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/rest\/bitstreams\/53412\/retrieve."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1508","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e1508","article-title":"Group Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth Study. The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: Evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP)","volume":"75","author":"Tedesco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12450","article-title":"Maternal periodontitis and preterm birth: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Quesada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12295","article-title":"Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Mechanisms","volume":"83","author":"Figuero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1293023","article-title":"Association of periodontitis with preterm birth and low birth weight: A comprehensive review","volume":"31","author":"Puertas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12083","article-title":"Working group 3 of joint EFP\/AAP workshop. Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Consensus report of the Joint EFP\/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Sanz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0006","article-title":"Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition","volume":"89","author":"Tonetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"123","article-title":"Reproductive and perinatal health indicators in immigrant and Spanish-born women in Catalonia and Valencia (2005\u20132006)","volume":"24","author":"Prats","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Oral Health Surveys\u2014Basic Method, World Health Organization. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.018","article-title":"Markers of periodontal infection and preterm birth","volume":"192","author":"Jarjoura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2004.00630.x","article-title":"Periodontitis, a marker of risk in pregnancy for preterm birth","volume":"32","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12274","article-title":"Further evidence for periodontal disease as a risk indicator for adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"67","author":"Turton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2001.0299","article-title":"Periodontal infection and preterm birth","volume":"132","author":"Jeffcoat","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2002.73.10.1177","article-title":"Relationship between Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Women and the Nutritional Condition of Their Newborns","volume":"73","author":"Romero","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000139836.47777.6d","article-title":"Periodontal disease and upper genital tract inflammation in early spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"104","author":"Goepfert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01222.x","article-title":"Periodontal disease definition may determine the association between periodontitis and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Manau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.10.1103","article-title":"Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight","volume":"67","author":"Offenbacher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13670","article-title":"Periodontal disease and preterm birth: Findings from the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Cademartori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.2001.6.1.164","article-title":"Maternal periodontitis and prematurity. Part I: Obstetric outcome of prematurity and growth restriction","volume":"6","author":"Offenbacher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/002203450208100113","article-title":"Higher Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight in Women with Periodontal Disease","volume":"81","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"227","article-title":"Maternal periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia","volume":"101","author":"Boggess","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00661.x","article-title":"Correlation between infant birth weight and mother\u2019s periodontal status","volume":"32","author":"Marin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00722.x","article-title":"Relationship between maternal periodontal disease and low-birth-weight pre-term infants","volume":"32","author":"Moreu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12294","article-title":"Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Bobetsis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"77","article-title":"Periodontitis as a Preterm Birth Risk Factor in Caucasian Women: A Cohort Study","volume":"18","author":"Caneiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.1998.3.1.233","article-title":"Potential pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis associated pregnancy complications","volume":"3","author":"Offenbacher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2009.00492.x","article-title":"Contribution of periodontal disease in pregnant women as a risk factor for low birth weight","volume":"37","author":"Cruz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00781.x","article-title":"Association between periodontitis and low birth weight: A case-control study","volume":"32","author":"Monteiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700113","article-title":"The relationship between periodontitis and preterm low birthweight","volume":"87","author":"Vettore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2014.919663","article-title":"Is there a relationship between maternal periodontitis and pre-term birth? A prospective hospital-based case-control study","volume":"72","author":"Bulut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.134009","article-title":"Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes \u2014Systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Ide","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3945-1","article-title":"Association between periodontitis, periodontopathogens and preterm birth: Is it real?","volume":"294","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4556-9","article-title":"No association between periodontitis and preterm low birth weight: A case\u2013control study","volume":"297","author":"Fogacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1613363","article-title":"Preterm birth associated with periodontal and dental indica-tors: A pilot case-control study in a developing country","volume":"34","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4811620","article-title":"A prospective study to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcome","volume":"197","author":"Moore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.03.003","article-title":"Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Is there an association?","volume":"200","author":"Srinivas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"193","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy outcomes and periodontitis: A systematic review and meta- analysis exploring potential association","volume":"47","author":"Corbella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12386","article-title":"Oral microbiome shifts during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Hormonal and Immunologic changes at play","volume":"87","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00739.x","article-title":"Factors related to utilization of dental services during pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Guthmiller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.987751","article-title":"Association between maternal periodontitis and preterm and\/or low birth weight infants in normal pregnancies","volume":"29","author":"Usin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2209-9","article-title":"Association between high risk for preterm birth and changes in gingiva parameters during pregnancy\u2014A prospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Kruse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n5p184","article-title":"The Relationship Between Maternal Periodontal Status of and Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants in Iran: A Case Control Study","volume":"8","author":"Karimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2131-9","article-title":"2500-g Low Birth Weight Cutoff: History and Implications for Future Research and Policy","volume":"21","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1515\/prilozi-2015-0038","article-title":"Can oral anaerobic bacteria cause adverse pregnancy outcomes?","volume":"36","author":"Andonova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2008.49.2.200","article-title":"Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Preterm Low Birth Weight","volume":"49","author":"Marakoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"419","article-title":"Periodontal disease, tobacco and preterm delivery","volume":"24","author":"Resende","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"414","article-title":"Preterm birth and its associated risk factors. A study at tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"63","author":"Baig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12574","article-title":"Synergistic effect of maternal obesity and periodontitis on preterm birth in women with pre-eclampsia: A prospective study","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moliner-S\u00e1nchez, C.A., Iranzo-Cort\u00e9s, J.E., Almerich-Silla, J.M., Bellot-Arc\u00eds, C., Ortol\u00e1-Siscar, J.C., Montiel-Company, J.M., and Almerich-Torres, T. (2020). Effect of per Capita Income on the Relationship between Periodontal Disease during Pregnancy and the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight Newborn. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/22\/6857\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:33Z","timestamp":1760145753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/22\/6857"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11226857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11226857","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]}}}