{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:12:09Z","timestamp":1769598729907,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ernst- und Berta-Grimmke Stiftung"},{"name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung"},{"name":"UMCM"},{"name":"Stiftung Auge"},{"name":"Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft"},{"name":"Berufsverband der Augena\u0308rzte Deutschlands e.V."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aims: This study investigated whether there are changes in corneal surface regularity and corneal thickness in adults born small, appropriate, or large for gestational age at term. Methods: This retrospective cohort study involved prospective Scheimpflug imaging of the cornea (Pentacam\u00ae) to compare the corneal thickness and aberrations between adults classified as small for gestational age (SGA), normal birth weight (BW), and large for gestational age (LGA). Multivariable linear regression was applied to analyze associations with gestational age, BW percentile, placental insufficiency, preeclampsia, and breastfeeding. Results: In total, 448 eyes of 261 individuals born full term (aged 29.9 \u00b1 9.5 years, 140 females) were examined, including 29 severe SGA (BW &lt; 3rd percentile), 32 moderate SGA (BW between 3rd and &lt;10th percentile), 132 normal BW (BW between 10th and 90th percentile), 35 moderate LGA (BW between &gt;90th and 97th percentile), and 33 severe LGA (BW &gt; 97th percentile). There were no differences between groups in the corneal aberrations of the total cornea as well as of the corneal front surface, except for higher-order aberrations in the front of the cornea (p = 0.032). There was an association between the increased total root mean square of higher-order aberrations and lower birth weight percentile (p = 0.004), with increased higher-order aberrations correlating with lower visual acuity and spherical equivalent. Conclusion: Restricted prenatal growth is associated with increased higher-order aberrations in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11236903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T03:48:12Z","timestamp":1669175292000},"page":"6903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Corneal Aberrations and Thickness in Adults Born Small, Appropriate, or Large for Gestational Age at Term"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Fie\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8015-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana C.","family":"Riedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Gi\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mildenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Urschitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Stoffelns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander K.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001186","article-title":"Axial Length and Anterior Segment Alterations in Former Preterm Infants and Full-Term Neonates Analyzed with Scheimpflug Imaging","volume":"36","author":"Knuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.02.040","article-title":"Visual acuity, optical components, and macular abnormalities in patients with a history of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"119","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fie\u00df, A., Schuster, A.K., Pfeiffer, N., and Nickels, S. 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