{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:32:05Z","timestamp":1792096325418,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and progressive disorder with a poor prognosis associated with non-specific symptoms, including general weakness, shortness of breath on exertion, and decreased muscle strength and endurance. Despite recent significant progress in the field of PAH therapy, many patients are still characterized by a dynamic course of the disease, a significant reduction in physical performance, a constantly deteriorating quality of life, and limited activity in everyday life. Thus, the main goal of PAH therapy is to ensure an acceptable level of quality of life as early as possible in the course of the disease, reduce the progression of symptoms and, if possible, improve the prognosis, which is still poor. The perception of the importance of activity and exercise has changed significantly in recent years, and rehabilitation dedicated to PAH patients is now considered to be one of the new adjuvant treatment options. Currently, there is insufficient data on what form, frequency, and intensity of exercise are required for the best results. Nevertheless, exercise training (ET) is necessary in order to reverse the accompanying PAH impairment of exercise capacity and, without additional clinical risk, to maximize the benefits of pharmacotherapy. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the rehabilitation of PAH patients and presents the available rehabilitation models. In addition, it includes a ready-to-use, illustrated, safe home rehabilitation program with recommendations for its use. Utilizing ET as an adjuvant treatment option to improve the functional capacity and quality of life of patients may enhance the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic management and contribute to the improvement of the quality of care for patients suffering from PAH. The beneficial effect of exercise training on the development of symptoms improves the clinical course of the disease, and a lower incidence of adverse events can lead to a reduction in health care expenditure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11236932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T03:00:13Z","timestamp":1669345213000},"page":"6932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Exercise Training as a Non-Pharmacological Therapy for Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Home-Based Rehabilitation Program and Training Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-7125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Wojciuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Dzi\u0119cio\u0142-Anikiej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kaniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Cio\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Moskal-Jasi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Phonoaudiology and Speech Therapy, Medical University of Bialystok, 37 Szpitalna St., 15-295 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kuryliszyn-Moskal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, 24A M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie St., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4103\/ejcdt.ejcdt_205_18","article-title":"Exercise desaturation as a marker of disease severity in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chest Dis. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris, Z.V., Chin, L.M.K., Chan, L., Guccione, A.A., Ahmad, A., and Keyser, R.E. (2020). Cardiopulmonary exercise test indices of respiratory buffering before and after aerobic exercise training in women with pulmonary hypertension: Differentiation by magnitudes of change in six-minute walk test performance. Respir. 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