{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T06:12:34Z","timestamp":1771913554402,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-003"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2016YFC0901500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0901500"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-I2M-1-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0901500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0901500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Idiopathic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is a rare disease affecting numerous physiological and biomolecular systems with multimorbidity. However, due to the small sample size of uncommon diseases, the whole spectrum of chronic disease co-occurrence, especially in developing nations, has not yet been investigated. To grasp the multimorbidity pattern, we aimed to present a multidimensional model for ICM and differences among age groups. Methods: Hospital discharge records were collected from a rare disease centre of ICM inpatients (n = 1036) over 10 years (2012 to 2021) for this retrospective analysis. One-to-one matched controls were also included. First, by looking at the first three digits of the ICD-10 code, we concentrated on chronic illnesses with a prevalence of more than 1%. The ICM and control inpatients had a total of 71 and 69 chronic illnesses, respectively. Second, to evaluate the multimorbidity pattern in both groups, we built age-specific cosine-index-based multimorbidity networks. Third, the associated rule mining (ARM) assessed the comorbidities with heart failure for ICM, specifically. Results: The comorbidity burden of ICM was 78% larger than that of the controls. All ages were affected by the burden, although those over 50 years old had more intense interactions. Moreover, in terms of disease connectivity, central, hub, and authority diseases were concentrated in the metabolic, musculoskeletal and connective tissue, genitourinary, eye and adnexa, respiratory, and digestive systems. According to the age-specific connection, the impaired coagulation function was required for raising attention (e.g., autoimmune-attacked digestive and musculoskeletal system disorders) in young adult groups (ICM patients aged 20\u201349 years). For the middle-aged (50\u201360 years) and older (\u226570 years) groups, malignant neoplasm and circulatory issues were the main confrontable problems. Finally, according to the result of ARM, the comorbidities and comorbidity patterns of heart failure include diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorder, sleeping disorder, renal failure, liver, and circulatory diseases. Conclusions: The main cause of the comorbid load is aging. The ICM comorbidities were concentrated in the circulatory, metabolic, musculoskeletal and connective tissue, genitourinary, eye and adnexa, respiratory, and digestive systems. The network-based approach optimizes the integrated care of patients with ICM and advances our understanding of multimorbidity associated with the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11236965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T06:04:36Z","timestamp":1669615476000},"page":"6965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phenotypic Disease Network-Based Multimorbidity Analysis in Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy Patients with Hospital Discharge Records"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5614-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingya","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Records, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Collaborating Center for the WHO Family of International Classifications in China, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Records, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Collaborating Center for the WHO Family of International Classifications in China, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Records, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Collaborating Center for the WHO Family of International Classifications in China, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1532-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/03913988221075045","article-title":"Comparative analysis of LVAD patients in regard of ischaemic or idiopathic cardiomyopathy: A propensity-score analysis of EUROMACS data","volume":"45","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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