{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:33:28Z","timestamp":1784867608050,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cExcellent Doctor-Excellent Clinical Researcher\u201d Project of Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University","award":["SYA202009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYA202009"]}]},{"name":"\u201cExcellent Doctor-Excellent Clinical Researcher\u201d Project of Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University","award":["82071008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071008"]}]},{"name":"\u201cExcellent Doctor-Excellent Clinical Researcher\u201d Project of Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University","award":["82271084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271084"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China grants","award":["SYA202009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYA202009"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China grants","award":["82071008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071008"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China grants","award":["82271084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271084"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To investigate the features of choroidal caverns in diverse retinal diseases with swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods: Subjects with normal eyes, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), or chronic CSC were enrolled. The characteristics of choroidal caverns were evaluated with SS-OCT. The prevalence of choroidal caverns in retinal diseases and the correlations between the number, width and depth of choroidal caverns with the thickness of choroid were analyzed. Results: Among 315 eyes of 220 subjects, choroidal caverns were found in 110 eyes (34.9%). Choroidal caverns were divided into two categories based on their location and size. Type I was small and usually lobulated, presented in the choroidal capillary and Sattler\u2019s layers. Type II was larger, usually isolated, and presented in the Sattler\u2019s and Haller\u2019s layers. The prevalence of type I in subjects with normal eyes, RP, wAMD, acute CSC, or chronic CSC was 17.4%, 19.6%, 1.6%, 32.8%, and 85.2%, respectively, while that of type II was 0%, 0%, 21.3%, 13.8%, and 53.7%, respectively. The number, width, and thickness of type II choroidal caverns correlated positively with macular choroidal thickness. Conclusions: Choroidal caverns could be divided into two categories. Type II choroidal caverns appeared associated with the pachychoroid spectrum and RPE atrophic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11236994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T06:04:36Z","timestamp":1669615476000},"page":"6994","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Characteristics and Classification of Choroidal Caverns in Patients with Various Retinal and Chorioretinal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People\u2019s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People\u2019s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People\u2019s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5497-0905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People\u2019s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032","article-title":"Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"146","author":"Spaide","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001686","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of submacular perforating scleral vessels by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"38","author":"Rothenbuehler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Q., Li, Y., Li, J., You, Y., Liu, C., Chen, K., Li, S., and Lei, B. (2022). Phenotype Heterogeneity and the Association Between Visual Acuity and Outer Retinal Structure in a Cohort of Chinese X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis Patients. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.832814"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.07.001","article-title":"Peripapillary Microvasculature Predicts the Incidence and Development of Diabetic Retinopathy: An SS-OCTA Study","volume":"243","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niederleithner, M., De Sisternes, L., Stino, H., Sedova, A., Schlegl, T., Bagherinia, H., Britten, A., Matten, P., Schmidt-Erfurth, U., and Pollreisz, A. (2022). Ultra-widefield OCT Angiography. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2022.3222638"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19083","article-title":"Choroidal Caverns: A Novel Optical Coherence Tomography Finding in Geographic Atrophy","volume":"57","author":"Querques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.02.036","article-title":"Choroidal and Sub-Retinal Pigment Epithelium Caverns","volume":"125","author":"Glover","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbelli, E., Sacconi, R., De Vitis, L.A., Carnevali, A., Rabiolo, A., Querques, L., Bandello, F., and Querques, G. (2016). Choroidal Round Hyporeflectivities in Geographic Atrophy. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166968"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.01.001","article-title":"Unique optical coherence tomographic features in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, F., Airaldi, M., Cozzi, M., Oldani, M., Riva, E., Bertoni, A.I., Dautaj, A., Bertelli, M., Staurenghi, G., and Salvetti, A.P. (2021). Progression of Atrophy and Visual Outcomes in Extensive Macular Atrophy with Pseudodrusen-like Appearance. Ophthalmol. Sci., 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2021.100016"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002294","article-title":"Association between choroidal caverns and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability in eyes with pachychoroid diseases","volume":"38","author":"Sakurada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1074-y","article-title":"\u201cChoroidal caverns\u201d spectrum lesions","volume":"35","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_395_19","article-title":"Choroidal caverns in pachychoroid neovasculopathy","volume":"68","author":"Ayachit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pederzolli, M., Sacconi, R., Battista, M., Bandello, F., and Querques, G. (2022). Bilateral choroidal caverns in a child with pachychoroid and anxious personality. Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101505"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battista, M., Borrelli, E., Veronese, C., Gelormini, F., Sacconi, R., Querques, L., Prascina, F., Vella, G., Ciardella, A.P., and Bandello, F. (2020). Choroidal Rift: A New OCT Finding in Eyes with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072260"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mucciolo, D.P., Giorgio, D., Lippera, M., Dattilo, V., Passerini, I., Pelo, E., Sodi, A., Virgili, G., Giansanti, F., and Murro, V. (2022). Choroidal Caverns in Stargardt Disease. Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci., 63.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.2.25"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20180329-14","article-title":"Choroidal Caverns: A Previously Unreported Optical Coherence Tomography Finding in Best Vitelliform Dystrophy","volume":"49","author":"Carnevali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrigo, A., Bordato, A., Romano, F., Aragona, E., Grazioli, A., Bandello, F., and Parodi, M.B. (2020). Choroidal Patterns in Retinitis Pigmentosa: Correlation withVisual Acuity and Disease Progression. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091388"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel OCT findings in choroidal osteoma: Brief report","volume":"7","author":"Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02447-2","article-title":"Detection of superficial and buried optic disc drusen with swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119863560","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging in swept-source optical coherence tomography: Improving visibility of choroid and sclera, a masked study","volume":"30","author":"Weill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1966.00970050336006","article-title":"Clinical and Pathological Study of Choroidal Lipid Globules","volume":"75","author":"Friedman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.01.019","article-title":"Re: Dolz-Marco et al.: Choroidal and sub-retinal pigment epithelium caverns: Multimodal imaging and correspondence with Friedman lipid globules (Ophthalmology. 2018;125:1287-1301)","volume":"126","author":"Sacconi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.209296.112","article-title":"Biochemistry and pathophysiology of intravascular and intracellular lipolysis","volume":"27","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)42013-9","article-title":"Lipoprotein lipase in highly vascularized structures of the eye","volume":"37","author":"Reina","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000903","article-title":"Resolution Of A Subfoveal Choroidal Cavern After Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy For Central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"15","author":"Sakurada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","article-title":"Pachychoroid disease","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spaide, R.F., Cheung, C.M.G., Matsumoto, H., Kishi, S., Boon, C.J., van Dijk, E.H., Mauget-Faysse, M., Behar-Cohen, F., Hartnett, M.E., and Sivaprasad, S. (2022). Venous overload choroidopathy: A hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders. Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 86.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100973"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05687-6","article-title":"A new insight into pachychoroid diseases: Remodeling of choroidal vasculature","volume":"260","author":"Kishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/23\/6994\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:36Z","timestamp":1760146056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/23\/6994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11236994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11236994","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]}}}