{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:52:30Z","timestamp":1790419950850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>POEMS is a rare clonal plasma cell disorder characterized by multi-systemic features that include demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, presence of monoclonal proteins (M-protein), and skin changes. Even though the pathophysiology is poorly understood, recent studies suggest that both clonal and polyclonal plasmacytosis leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic mediators play the central role. These mediators including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are the driving forces of the syndrome. The diagnosis of POEMS is not always straight forward and often the diagnosis is delayed. It is based on fulfilling mandatory criteria of polyradiculoneuropathy and monoclonal protein and the presence of one major criterion (Castleman disease, sclerotic bone lesions, or elevated VEGF), and at least one minor criterion. Due to the presence of neuropathy, it can be confused with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy (CIDP), and if thrombocytosis and splenomegaly are present, it can be confused with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Due to the rarity of the syndrome, clear guidelines for treatment are still lacking. Immediate treatment targeting the underlying plasma cell proliferation results in a dramatic response in most patients. The key is early diagnosis and immediate anti-plasma cell directed therapy for the best clinical outcomes. For patients with disseminated disease as defined by bone marrow involvement or more than three osteosclerotic bone lesions, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (ASCT) yields durable responses and is the preferred treatment in eligible patients. For patients with localized bony disease, radiotherapy has proven to be very effective. Lenalidomide and dexamethasone is a proven therapy in patients ineligible for ASCT. In this review article, we tackle the diagnostic approach and discuss the latest treatment modalities of this rare debilitating disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T06:04:36Z","timestamp":1669615476000},"page":"7011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Recent Advances in the Treatment and Supportive Care of POEMS Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9229-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maroun","family":"Bou Zerdan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology-Oncology, Myeloma and Amyloidosis Program, Maroone Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida 2950, Weston, FL 33331, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University Hospital, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5478-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy I.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Tse","family":"Bunting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematopathology and Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Florida 2950, Weston, FL 33331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4641-2217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chakra P.","family":"Chaulagain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology-Oncology, Myeloma and Amyloidosis Program, Maroone Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida 2950, Weston, FL 33331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198007000-00006","article-title":"Plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin changes: The POEMS syndrome. Report on two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"59","author":"Bardwick","year":"1980","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"543","article-title":"Plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy and endocrine disorder: Clinical and laboratory features of 109 reported cases","volume":"13","author":"Sanada","year":"1983","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4996.802","article-title":"Peripheral neuritis in myelomatosis","volume":"2","author":"Crow","year":"1956","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2496","article-title":"POEMS syndrome: Definitions and long-term outcome: Presented in abstract form at the 41st annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology, New Orleans, LA, December 3\u20137, 1999","volume":"101","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199712)56:4<288::AID-AJH16>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Multiple myeloma associated with diffuse osteosclerotic bone lesions: A clinical entity distinct from osteosclerotic myeloma (POEMS syndrome)","volume":"56","author":"Lacy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91261-1","article-title":"Greatly raised vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in POEMS syndrome","volume":"347","author":"Watanabe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400430","article-title":"Growth factors in POEMS syndrome: Evidence for a marked increase in circulating vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"40","author":"Soubrier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum. Off. J. Am. Coll. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151482","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.151482","article-title":"Unraveling unique features of plasma cell clones in POEMS syndrome with single-cell analysis","volume":"7","author":"Isshiki","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2016.09.017","article-title":"Remarkable expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in bone marrow plasma cells of patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.172123","article-title":"An atypical presentation of POEMS syndrome with IgG kappa type M protein and normal VEGF level: Case report and review of literature","volume":"14","author":"Gurram","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.2882-19","article-title":"Multiparameter Flow Cytometry for the Identification of Neoplastic Plasma Cells in POEMS Syndrome with IgG-kappa Gammopathy: Successful Treatment Using Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone","volume":"58","author":"Ikeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-012-1455-9","article-title":"Characterization of immunoglobulin \u03bb light chain variable region (IGLV) gene and its relationship with clinical features in patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25213","article-title":"Clonal immunoglobulin \u03bb light-chain gene rearrangements detected by next generation sequencing in POEMS syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Mimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200007)23:7<1051::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Highly concentrated vascular endothelial growth factor in platelets in Crow\u2013Fukase syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Hashiguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve Off. J. Am. Assoc. Electrodiagn. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.6.818","article-title":"Solitary plasmacytoma with VEGF overproduction: Report of a patient with polyneuropathy","volume":"56","author":"Nakano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh519","article-title":"Polyneuropathy in POEMS syndrome: Role of angiogenic factors in the pathogenesis","volume":"128","author":"Scarlato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12236","article-title":"New advances in the diagnosis and treatment of POEMS syndrome","volume":"161","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300047","article-title":"Pachymeningeal involvement in POEMS syndrome: MRI and histopathological study","volume":"83","author":"Briani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"4663","article-title":"The utility of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Hayman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30157-0","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of thalidomide in patients with POEMS syndrome: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Misawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"409","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines: A pathogenic key of POEMS syndrome","volume":"152","author":"Gherardi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Antibodies directed to voltage-gated potassium channels in sera from acquired neuromyotonia and related disorders","volume":"39","author":"Arimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku [Clin. Neurol.]"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24802","article-title":"POEMS syndrome: 2017 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management","volume":"92","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.2.202","article-title":"Osteosclerotic myeloma and peripheral neuropathy","volume":"33","author":"Kelly","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3428-y","article-title":"Computed tomography assessment of bone lesions in patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Glazebrook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185114564614","article-title":"CT characteristics in 24 patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, G.Y., Basu, R., Dispenzieri, A., Basu, A., Montori, V., and Brennan, M.D. (2007). Endocrinopathy in POEMS Syndrome: The Mayo Clinic Experience. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.4065\/82.7.836"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2135","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of pleural effusions in patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1800","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations in patients with POEMS syndrome: A retrospective review of 137 patients","volume":"133","author":"Allam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20051","article-title":"Thalidomide in POEMS syndrome: Case report","volume":"76","author":"Sinisalo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.102962","article-title":"Markedly elevated serum total N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen is a novel marker for the diagnosis and follow up of patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199607000-00005","article-title":"Acute arterial obliteration: A new feature of the POEMS syndrome?","volume":"75","author":"Lesprit","year":"1996","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23288","article-title":"POEMS syndrome: Update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management","volume":"87","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"6438","article-title":"Bone marrow histopathology in POEMS syndrome: A distinctive combination of plasma cell, lymphoid, and myeloid findings in 87 patients","volume":"117","author":"Dao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301706","article-title":"Different neurological and physiological profiles in POEMS syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"83","author":"Nasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10182","article-title":"Patterns of nerve conduction abnormalities in POEMS syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Sung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve Off. J. Am. Assoc. Electrodiagn. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.11.011","article-title":"Electrophysiological features of patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Min","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301472","article-title":"Uniform demyelination and more severe axonal loss distinguish POEMS syndrome from CID","volume":"83","author":"Mauermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0389-1","article-title":"Nerve pathologic features differentiate POEMS syndrome from CID","volume":"4","author":"Piccione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-03589-4","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and the long-term outcome of patients with atypical POEMS syndrome variant with undetectable monoclonal gammopathy","volume":"98","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2008.01037.x","article-title":"Peripheral blood stem cell transplant for POEMS syndrome is associated with high rates of engraftment syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-010-1149-0","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of patients with POEMS syndrome in China","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21707","article-title":"Serum immunoglobulin free light chain measurements and heavy chain isotype usage provide insight into disease biology in patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Gertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"6405","article-title":"Ushering in a new era for POEMS","volume":"117","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2017.09.011","article-title":"POEMS Syndrome: Therapeutic Options","volume":"32","author":"Jaccard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"5650","article-title":"How I treat POEMS syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.30.5.432","article-title":"The relation between chronic polyneuropathy and osteosclerotic myeloma","volume":"30","author":"Morley","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1972.00490180043010","article-title":"Myeloma neuropathy: Successful treatment of two patients and review of cases","volume":"27","author":"Davis","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.7.675","article-title":"Polyneuropathy, skin hyperpigmentation, edema, and hypertrichosis in localized osteosclerotic myeloma","volume":"27","author":"Iwashita","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-012-1510-6","article-title":"Radiotherapy for solitary plasmacytoma of bone and soft tissue","volume":"91","author":"Suh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.148460","article-title":"High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with POEMS syndrome: A retrospective study of the Plasma Cell Disorder sub-committee of the Chronic Malignancy Working Party of the European Society for Blood & Marrow Transplantation","volume":"102","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001565","article-title":"Polyneuropathy improvement following autologous stem cell transplantation for POEMS syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Karam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31296","article-title":"Decreased early mortality associated with the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia at National Cancer Institute\u2014Designated cancer centers in California","volume":"124","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-018-0073-8","article-title":"Prognostic value of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and hematological responses in patients with newly-diagnosed POEMS syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000188757.38495.23","article-title":"Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for POEMS syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Overview of Castleman disease","volume":"135","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2007.05.004","article-title":"POEMS syndrome: Relapse after successful autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Giglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2006.01.004","article-title":"Marked recovery of severe renal lesions in POEMS syndrome with high-dose melphalan therapy supported by autologous blood stem cell transplantation","volume":"47","author":"Sanada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20280","article-title":"Successful hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multicentric Castleman disease complicated by POEMS syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Ganti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-05-2046","article-title":"Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in 16 patients with POEMS syndrome, and a review of the literature","volume":"104","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"3057","article-title":"High-dose therapy and autologous blood stem cell transplantation in POEMS syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Jaccard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703600","article-title":"Successful use of autologous bone marrow transplantation in treating a patient with POEMS syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Soubrier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.03040.x","article-title":"Dramatic improvement of POEMS syndrome following autologous haematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"115","author":"Rovira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703108","article-title":"Successful treatment of POEMS syndrome with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Hogan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0391-2","article-title":"What is the best first-line treatment for POEMS syndrome: Autologous transplantation, melphalan and dexamethasone, or lenalidomide and dexamethasone?","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.100","article-title":"Skin manifestations and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in POEMS syndrome: Impact of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"146","author":"Barete","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2007.11.029","article-title":"Early diagnosis followed by front-line autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for patients affected by POEMS syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Laurenti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"56","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with POEMS syndrome (osteosclerotic myeloma): A single-center experience","volume":"120","author":"Lacy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24356","article-title":"Long-term outcome of patients with POEMS syndrome: An update of the Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"91","author":"Kourelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-07-795385","article-title":"Long-term evaluation of physical improvement and survival of autologous stem cell transplantation in POEMS syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Ohwada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16057","article-title":"High-dose therapy and autologous transplantation for POEMS Syndrome: Effective, but how to optimise?","volume":"186","author":"Tomkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2009.02.004","article-title":"Relapse of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome without increased level of vascular endothelial growth factor following successful autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Imai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007330","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007330","article-title":"Japanese POEMS syndrome with Thalidomide (J-POST) Trial: Study protocol for a phase II\/III multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Katayama","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2008.381","article-title":"Successful combination treatment with bevacizumab, thalidomide and autologous PBSC for severe POEMS syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Ohwada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-006-0119-z","article-title":"Thalidomide for POEMS syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2006.06.006","article-title":"Thalidomide and lenalidomide in multiple myeloma","volume":"19","author":"Mazumder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc952","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of novel therapeutic approaches for multiple myeloma","volume":"2","author":"Hideshima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602774","article-title":"Recent clinical studies of the immunomodulatory drug (IMiD\u00ae) lenalidomide","volume":"93","author":"Bartlett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"262","article-title":"Effective treatment of POEMS syndrome accompanied by plasmacytoma with lenalidomide, dexamethasone, and local irradiation","volume":"61","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki [Jpn. J. Clin. Hematol.]"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.3800-19","article-title":"Lenalidomide Treatment for Thalidomide-refractory POEMS Syndrome: A Prospective Single-arm Clinical Trial","volume":"59","author":"Suichi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.041897","article-title":"POEMS syndrome with severe neurological damage clinically recovered with lenalidomide","volume":"97","author":"Tomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000329896","article-title":"Complete remission with a combination of lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone in a patient with incomplete POEMS syndrome","volume":"126","author":"Sucak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"bcr-2016-219022","article-title":"POEMS syndrome: A rare cause of exudative ascites and chronic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"2017","author":"Abuomar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2018.1485909","article-title":"Improvement of thyroid function in POEMS syndrome after combination therapy of lenalidomide and dexamethasone","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14966","article-title":"Lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with POEMS syndrome: Results of a prospective, open--label trial","volume":"179","author":"Nozza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"bcr-2017-223168","article-title":"POEMS syndrome: Diagnostic delay and successful treatment with lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide and prednisone followed by autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation","volume":"2018","author":"Ordway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.869329","article-title":"Lenalidomide in patients with POEMS syndrome: A systematic review and pooled analysis","volume":"55","author":"Zagouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12492","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low-dose lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory POEMS syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001492","article-title":"High rates of venous and arterial thrombotic events in patients with POEMS syndrome: Results from the UCLH (UK) POEMS Registry","volume":"4","author":"Sayar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070484","article-title":"High-dose melphalan versus melphalan plus dexamethasone for AL amyloidosis","volume":"357","author":"Jaccard","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e975","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008062","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical profiles, and prognosis of POEMS syndrome in Japanese nationwide survey","volume":"93","author":"Suichi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24402","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management","volume":"91","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801495","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/801495","article-title":"Secondary primary malignancies in multiple myeloma: An old NEMESIS revisited","volume":"2012","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1195","article-title":"Bortezomib mediates antiangiogenesis in multiple myeloma via direct and indirect effects on endothelial cells","volume":"66","author":"Roccaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2009.01341.x","article-title":"Bortezomib: A new therapeutic option for POEMS syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Kaygusuz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2010.01533.x","article-title":"Risk factors for, and reversibility of, peripheral neuropathy associated with bortezomib\u2013melphalan\u2013prednisone in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma: Subanalysis of the phase 3 VISTA study","volume":"86","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14497","article-title":"Successful treatment of newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome with reduced-dose bortezomib based regimen","volume":"181","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23195","article-title":"Efficacy of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for POEMS syndrome relapsed after autologous peripheral stem-cell transplantation","volume":"87","author":"Vannata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000343681","article-title":"Effective induction therapy with subcutaneous administration of bortezomib for newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome: A case report and a review of the literature","volume":"129","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607751","article-title":"Daratumumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma","volume":"375","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-07-726729","article-title":"Phase 1\/2 study of daratumumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma","volume":"128","author":"Plesner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1987","article-title":"First report of safety and efficacy of daratumumab in 2 cases of advanced immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis","volume":"128","author":"Sher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M., Stone, K., and van Rhee, F. (2018). Daratumumab for POEMS Syndrome. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.02.001"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000381","article-title":"Upfront Daratumumab with Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone for POEMS Syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Gavriatopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-12-5045","article-title":"Bevacizumab therapy for POEMS syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Straume","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-0910","article-title":"Bevacizumab therapy for POEMS syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Badros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.11315","article-title":"Treatment of POEMS syndrome with bevacizumab","volume":"92","author":"Samaras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2012.01.018","article-title":"Successful treatment sequence incorporating bevacizumab for therapy of polyneuropathy in two patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Gisslinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.6246","article-title":"Failure of treatment with anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody for long-standing POEMS syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Kanai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304874","article-title":"Ambiguous effects of anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (bevacizumab) for POEMS syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0672-7","article-title":"Anti-BCMA CAR-T cells for treatment of plasma cell dyscrasia: Case report on POEMS syndrome and multiple myeloma","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31240-1","article-title":"Bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone with or without daratumumab before and after autologous stem-cell transplantation for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (CASSIOPEIA): A randomised, open-label, phase 3 study","volume":"394","author":"Moreau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.135681","article-title":"Neuropathic pain correlates with myelinated fibre loss and cytokine profile in POEMS syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Koike","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9068-4","article-title":"An update on the diagnosis and management of the polyneuropathy of POEMS syndrome","volume":"266","author":"Cerri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"EDM190010","article-title":"POEMS syndrome: A rare cause of adrenal insufficiency in a young male","volume":"2019","author":"Prokop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2017.09.012","article-title":"The peripheral neuropathies of POEMS syndrome and Castleman disease","volume":"32","author":"Mauermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A11","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.04.001","article-title":"Anasarca in a Patient With Polyneuropathy","volume":"74","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.6.712","article-title":"The Crow-Fukase syndrome: A study of 102 cases in Japan","volume":"34","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2012.01780.x","article-title":"Successful use of cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone to treat a case of relapsed POEMS","volume":"88","author":"Warsame","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.3.9707095","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in POEMS syndrome: A new feature mediated by cytokines","volume":"157","author":"Lesprit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14516","article-title":"Evaluating heart function in patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.2842-19","article-title":"POEMS syndrome showing left ventricular dysfunction and extracellular edema assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"58","author":"Takahashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.11.005","article-title":"Pulmonary morbidity improves after autologous stem cell transplantation in POEMS syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Chandrashekaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.2377","article-title":"Siltuximab, a novel anti\u2013interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody, for Castleman\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Fayad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-12-4602","article-title":"Humanized anti\u2013interleukin-6 receptor antibody treatment of multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"106","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2018.02.015","article-title":"Concurrent juxtapapillary hemorrage and optic disc edema as initial presentation of POEMS syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.013","article-title":"Ocular findings in patients with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Kaushik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001409","article-title":"Ocular manifestations and treatment outcomes in Chinese patients with POEMS syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.03.042","article-title":"Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for POEMS syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Attiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1159\/000369856","article-title":"Local treatment with triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab for ocular symptoms in a patient with POEMS syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Prost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2015.29.5.354","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of optic disc edema in a patient with POEMS syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2015.29.5.357","article-title":"Optic disc edema responding to localized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in a patient with POEMS syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2892-z","article-title":"Thalidomide reduces choroidal thickness and optic disc edema in a patient with POEMS syndrome","volume":"253","author":"Yokouchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-005-0941-8","article-title":"POEMS syndrome: Radiographic appearance with MRI correlation","volume":"35","author":"Chong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.06.004","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT in the evaluation of POEMS syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Fernandez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5263","article-title":"Detection of bone lesions by CT in POEMS syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Shibuya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e31823ea154","article-title":"Usefulness of F-18 FDG PET\/CT in the follow-up of POEMS syndrome after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation","volume":"37","author":"Stefanelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0421-3","article-title":"POEMS syndrome and calciphylaxis: An unrecognized cause of abnormal small vessel calcification","volume":"11","author":"Araki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0968","article-title":"Calciphylaxis in POEMS syndrome: A case treated with etidronate","volume":"91","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0969","article-title":"POEMS syndrome with calciphylaxis: A case report","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000259906","article-title":"Calciphylaxis as a catastrophic complication in a patient with POEMS syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Hineno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Case Rep. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"195","article-title":"Thrombosis revealing POEMS syndrome: About a case","volume":"75","author":"Dumas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bd136b","article-title":"Cerebral infarction in POEMS syndrome: Incidence, risk factors, and imaging characteristics","volume":"73","author":"Dupont","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e229428","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-229428","article-title":"POEMS syndrome complicated by ischaemic stroke and cerebral vasculitis","volume":"12","author":"Vasilevskiy","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep. CP"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.193842","article-title":"Stroke and POEMS syndrome: More than a chance association","volume":"64","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jindahra, P., Dejthevaporn, C., Niparuck, P., Waisayarat, J., Cheecharoen, P., Threetong, T., Petpiroon, P., Sujirakul, T., Poonyathalang, A., and Vanikieti, K. (2018). Atypical central retinal artery occlusion as the first presentation of POEMS syndrome: A case report. BMC Neurol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1071-y"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7180-z","article-title":"Ischemic stroke as clinical onset of POEMS syndrome","volume":"260","author":"Dacci","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"68","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with POEMS syndrome treated initially with radiation","volume":"122","author":"Humeniuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.081547","article-title":"A modified peripheral neuropathy scale: The Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale","volume":"77","author":"Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/23\/7011\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:58Z","timestamp":1760146078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/23\/7011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11237011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11237011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]}}}