{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T01:44:25Z","timestamp":1768268665576,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Acute anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDWoR) is characterized by permanent TMJ disc displacement, pain and functional limitations. Occlusal appliances (OA) are among the therapies of choice. Methods. A single-blind randomized study was carried out to compare the therapeutic success of two different types of splints in patients with ADDWoR. A total of 30 subjects were eligible for the study out of the 330 screened. Group I (n = 15) received RA.DI.CA splint therapy and Group II (n = 15) received stabilization splint therapy. Temporomandibular pain, headache, neck pain and functional excursions were evaluated at baseline (T0), after 4 weeks (T1) and after 6 months (T2). Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Results. There was a significant increase in maximum jaw opening and a reduction in pain in both groups (p &lt; 0.05), except for neck pain in Group II. Significant differences in between- and within-subject factors emerged in all of the parameters evaluated, especially between T1 and T2 scores, with a greater trend of improvement in Group I than Group II. Conclusion. RA.DI.CA splints were found to be more effective for the considered sample, especially in the treatment of comorbidities and functional movements, probably due to the greater orthopedic action and joint mobilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1669624983000},"page":"7037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Conservative Therapies for TMJ Closed Lock: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Di Giacomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1119-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Di Paolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5079-6815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erda","family":"Qorri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Albanian University, 1001 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Manes Gravina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5166-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Falisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/35165","article-title":"The Basic Conservative Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Anterior Disc Displacement Without Reduction\u2014Review","volume":"24","author":"Miernik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"301","article-title":"Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: Review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique","volume":"6","author":"Dworkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Craniomandib. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(97)70145-8","article-title":"Management of temporomandibular disorders: Concepts and controversies","volume":"77","author":"McNeill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2004.10.013","article-title":"The prevalence of osteoarthrosis in cases of advanced internal derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint: A clinical, surgical and histological study","volume":"34","author":"Dimitroulis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Cascone, P., and Di Paolo, C. (2004). Patologia dell\u2019Articolazione Temporomandibolare: Dall\u2019eziopatogenesi Alla Terapia, UTET."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.05.294","article-title":"Conservative Therapy in Patients with Anterior Disc Displacement Without Reduction Using 2 Common Splints: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"63","author":"Schmitter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zotti, F., Albanese, M., Rodella, L.F., and Nocini, P.F. (2019). Platelet-Rich Plasma in Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunctions: Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020277"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(99)90814-5","article-title":"Efficacy of a mandibular manipulation technique in reducing the permanently displaced temporomandibular joint disc","volume":"57","author":"Kurita","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12593","article-title":"Management of temporomandibular joint disorders: A surgeon\u2019s perspective","volume":"63","author":"Dimitroulis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01452.x","article-title":"Comparative prospective study on splint therapy of anterior disc displacement without reduction","volume":"32","author":"Kempert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/25020275","article-title":"Evaluation of the position, mobility, and morphology of the disc by MRI before and after four different treatments for temporomandibular joint disorders","volume":"35","author":"Ohnuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dentomaxill. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1994.tb01164.x","article-title":"Reflections on the Michigan occlusal splint","volume":"21","author":"Ramfjord","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/00016359850136102","article-title":"Occlusal appliance therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorders: A double-blind controlled study in a short-term perspective","volume":"56","author":"Ekberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2001.0274","article-title":"Occlusal stabilization appliances","volume":"132","author":"Kreiner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Paolo, C., Falisi, G., Panti, F., Di Giacomo, P., and Rampello, A. (2020). \u201cRA.DI.CA.\u201d Splint for the Management of the Mandibular Functional Limitation: A Retrospective Study on Patients with Anterior Disc Displacement without Reduction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239057"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ash, M.M., and Bernhardt, O. (1995). Schienentherapie, Urban und Schwarzenberg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitzan, D., Benoliel, R., Heir, G., and Dolwick, F. (2008). Chapter 8\u2014Pain and dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint. Orofacial Pain and Headache, Mosby.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7234-3412-2.10008-2"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"261","article-title":"MRI evaluation of morpho-structural alterations of the retrodiscal tissue in condylo-meniscal incoordination of the TMJ: Usefulness of individualised T2-weighted TSE sequences","volume":"107","author":"Mazza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510378424","article-title":"Randomized Clinical Trial of Treatment for TMJ Disc Displacement","volume":"89","author":"Haketa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.1995.11678079","article-title":"Nonsurgical Treatment of Anterior Disk Displacement Without Reduction of the Temporomandibular Joint: A Case Report on the Relationship between Condylar Rotation and Translation","volume":"13","author":"Shoji","year":"1995","journal-title":"CRANIO\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-002-0162-7","article-title":"Early begin of splint therapy improves treatment outcome in patients with temporomandibular joint disk displacement without reduction","volume":"6","author":"Tschernitschek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(89)90292-2","article-title":"Long-term follow-up after occlusal treatment to correct abnormal temporomandibular joint disk position","volume":"67","author":"Lundh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(56)90053-1","article-title":"Occlusal pivots","volume":"6","author":"Sears","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.1996.11745971","article-title":"MRI Study of a Physiotherapeutic Protocol in Anterior Disk Displacement without Reduction","volume":"14","author":"Martini","year":"1996","journal-title":"CRANIO\u00ae"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/23\/7037\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:37Z","timestamp":1760146117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/23\/7037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11237037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11237037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]}}}