{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:36:33Z","timestamp":1789425393805,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), heart failure and renal failure are pathophysiologically closely intertwined by the reciprocal relationship between cardiac and renal injury. Type 1 CRS is most common and associated with acute heart failure. A preexistent chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI) in CRS type 1 patients (acute cardiorenal syndrome). The remaining CRS types are found in patients with chronic heart failure (type 2), acute and chronic kidney diseases (types 3 and 4), and systemic diseases that affect both the heart and the kidney (type 5). Establishing the diagnosis of CRS requires various tools based on the type of CRS, including non-invasive imaging modalities such as TTE, CT, and MRI, adjuvant volume measurement techniques, invasive hemodynamic monitoring, and biomarkers. Albuminuria and Cystatin C (CysC) are biomarkers of glomerular filtration and integrity in CRS and have a prognostic impact. Comprehensive \u201call-in-one\u201d magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approaches, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) combined with functional MRI of the kidneys and with brain MRI are proposed for CRS. Hospitalizations due to CRS and mortality are high. Timely diagnosis and initiation of effective adequate therapy, as well as multidisciplinary care, are pertinent for the improvement of quality of life and survival. In addition to the standard pharmacological heart failure medication, including SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), renal aspects must be strongly considered in the context of CRS, including control of the volume overload (diuretics) with special caution on diuretic resistance. Devices involved in the improvement of myocardial function (e.g., cardiac resynchronization treatment in left bundle branch block, mechanical circulatory support in advanced heart failure) have also shown beneficial effects on renal function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T02:09:58Z","timestamp":1669687798000},"page":"7041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Heart Failure and Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Narrative Review on Pathophysiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Regimens\u2014From a Cardiologist\u2019s View"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Angelos C.","family":"Mitsas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A (Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Nephrology and Intensive Medical Care), University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg (UKRB), Brandenburg 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Angiology, Nephrology and Intensive Medical Care), University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg (UKRB), Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A (Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Nephrology and Intensive Medical Care), University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg (UKRB), Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Eldawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A (Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Nephrology and Intensive Medical Care), University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg (UKRB), Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4771-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baraa","family":"Daboul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A (Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Nephrology and Intensive Medical Care), University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg (UKRB), Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Gunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A (Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Nephrology and Intensive Medical Care), University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg (UKRB), Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Bigalke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Berlin and Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin-Franklin (CBF), Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludger","family":"van Gisteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saif","family":"Almaghrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A (Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Nephrology and Intensive Medical Care), University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg (UKRB), Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Noutsias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine A (Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Nephrology and Intensive Medical Care), University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg (UKRB), Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 6, D-06112 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F517","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00291.2005","article-title":"Urinary 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