{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T09:17:42Z","timestamp":1764494262265,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had a relevant impact on the organization of intensive care units (ICU) and may have reduced the overall compliance with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) prevention programs. Invasively ventilated patients are at high risk of ICU-associated infection, but there is little evidence regarding the impact of the pandemic on their occurrence in non-COVID-19 patients. Moreover, little is known of antibiotic prescription trends in the ICU during the first wave of the pandemic. The purpose of this investigation is to assess the incidence, characteristics, and risk factors for ICU-associated HAIs in a population of invasively ventilated patients affected by non-COVID-19 acute respiratory failure (ARF) admitted to the ICU in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to evaluate the ICU antimicrobial prescription strategies. Moreover, we compared HAIs and antibiotic use to a cohort of ARF patients admitted to the ICU the year before the pandemic during the same period. Methods: this is a retrospective, single-centered cohort study conducted at S. Anna University Hospital (Ferrara, Italy). We enrolled patients admitted to the ICU for acute respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) between February and April 2020 (intra-pandemic group, IP) and February and April 2019 (before the pandemic group, PP). We excluded patients admitted to the ICU for COVID-19 pneumonia. We recorded patients\u2019 baseline characteristics, ICU-associated procedures and devices. Moreover, we evaluated antimicrobial therapy and classified it as prophylactic, empirical or target therapy, according to the evidence of infection at the time of prescription and to the presence of a positive culture sample. We compared the results of the two groups (PP and IP) to assess differences between the two years. Results: One hundred and twenty-eight patients were screened for inclusion and 83 patients were analyzed, 45 and 38 in the PP and I group, respectively. We found a comparable incidence of HAIs (62.2% vs. 65.8%, p = 0.74) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolations (44.4% vs. 36.8% p= 0.48) in the two groups. The year of ICU admission was not independently associated with an increased risk of developing HAIs (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.16\u20131.92, p = 0.55). The approach to antimicrobial therapy was characterized by a significant reduction in total antimicrobial use (21.4 \u00b1 18.7 vs. 11.6 \u00b1 9.4 days, p = 0.003), especially of target therapy, in the IP group. Conclusions: ICU admission for non-COVID-19 ARF during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was not associated with an increased risk of ICU-associated HAIs. Nevertheless, ICU prescription of antimicrobial therapy changed and significantly decreased during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T07:10:27Z","timestamp":1669792227000},"page":"7080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of the Pandemic Outbreak on ICU-Associated Infections and Antibiotic Prescription Trends in Non-COVID19 Acute Respiratory Failure Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Enrico","family":"Bussolati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7440-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Cultrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6207-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Cricca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6636-960X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bertacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bellonzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9736-1966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ragazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3533-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Alberto","family":"Volta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5027-5318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savino","family":"Spadaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9739-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetano","family":"Scaramuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant\u2019Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1754","article-title":"International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units","volume":"302","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Understanding sepsis: From SIRS to septic shock","volume":"13","author":"Lalla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dynamics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1086\/653820","article-title":"Suction Regulators: A Potential Vector for Hospital-Acquired Pathogens","volume":"31","author":"Kaye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. 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