{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:30Z","timestamp":1787028630799,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite advances in our understanding of the behavioral and molecular factors that underlie the onset and maintenance of Eating Disorders (EDs), it is still necessary to optimize treatment strategies and establish their efficacy. In this context, over the past 25 years, Virtual Reality (VR) has provided creative treatments for a variety of ED symptoms, including body dissatisfaction, craving, and negative emotions. Recently, different researchers suggested that EDs may reflect a broader impairment in multisensory body integration, and a particular VR technique\u2014VR body swapping\u2014has been used to repair it, but with limited clinical results. In this paper, we use the results of a systematic review employing PRISMA guidelines that explore inner body perception in EDs (21 studies included), with the ultimate goal to analyze the features of multisensory impairment associated with this clinical condition and provide possible solutions. Deficits in interoception, proprioception, and vestibular signals were observed across Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa, suggesting that: (a) alteration of inner body perception might be a crucial feature of EDs, even if further research is needed and; (b) VR, to be effective with these patients, has to simulate\/modify both the external and the internal body. Following this outcome, we introduce a new therapeutic approach\u2014Regenerative Virtual Therapy\u2014that integrates VR with different technologies and clinical strategies to regenerate a faulty bodily experience by stimulating the multisensory brain mechanisms and promoting self-regenerative processes within the brain itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T02:24:46Z","timestamp":1669861486000},"page":"7134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["From Virtual Reality to Regenerative Virtual Therapy: Some Insights from a Systematic Review Exploring Inner Body Perception in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Clelia","family":"Malighetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5189-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sansoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santino","family":"Gaudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8463-3838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Matamala-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Mind and Behavior Technological Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell\u2019Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6850-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Di Lernia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Serino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Magnasco 2, 20149 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Humane Technology Lab, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ci\u0105\u017cy\u0144ska, J., and Maciaszek, J. 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