{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T21:16:46Z","timestamp":1787347006217,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Scholarship Council","award":["202009370095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202009370095"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is considered a potential cardiovascular inflammatory marker that may provide additional risk stratification for patients with acute heart failure. It is unknown whether mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) impacts Gal-3 levels. Therefore, this biomarker study aimed to investigate the effect of MTH on Gal-3. Methods: In the randomized SHOCK-COOL trial, 40 patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute myocardial infraction (AMI) were randomly assigned to the MTH (33 \u00b0C) or control group in a 1:1 ratio. Blood samples were collected on the day of admission\/day 1, day 2, and day 3. Gal-3 level kinetics throughout these time points were compared between the MTH and control groups. Additionally, potential correlations between Gal-3 and clinical patient characteristics were assessed. Multiple imputations were performed to account for missing data. Results: In the control group, Gal-3 levels were significantly lower on day 3 than on day 1 (day 1 vs. day 3: 3.84 [IQR 2.04\u201313.3] vs. 1.79 [IQR 1.23\u20133.50] ng\/mL; p = 0.049). Gal-3 levels were not significantly different on any day between the MTH and control groups (p for interaction = 0.242). Spearman\u2019s rank correlation test showed no significant correlation between Gal-3 levels and sex, age, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and levels of creatine kinase-MB, creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, creatinine, and white blood cell counts (all p &gt; 0.05). Patients with lower Gal-3 levels on the first day after admission demonstrated a higher risk of all-cause mortality at 30 days (hazard ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.11\u20136.42; p = 0.029). In addition, Gal-3 levels on day 1 had a good predictive value for 30-day all-cause mortality with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.696 (95% CI: 0.513\u20130.879), with an optimal cut-off point of less than 3651 pg\/mL. Conclusions: MTH has no effect on Gal-3 levels in patients with CS complicating AMI compared to the control group. In addition, Gal-3 is a relatively stable biomarker, independent of age, sex, and BMI, and Gal-3 levels at admission might predict the risk of 30-day all-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T03:00:36Z","timestamp":1669950036000},"page":"7168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Circulating Galectin-3 in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Mild Hypothermia: A Biomarker Sub-Study of the SHOCK-COOL Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7105-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenke","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3813-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Fuernau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Internal Medicine II (Cardiology, Angiology, Diabetology, Intensive Care Medicine), Dessau Community General Hospital, 06847 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Desch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Freund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Josef","family":"Feistritzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"P\u00f6ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Besler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Lurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz363","article-title":"Management of cardiogenic shock complicating myocardial infarction: An update 2019","volume":"40","author":"Thiele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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