{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:10:25Z","timestamp":1785168625868,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Research Supporting Program of The Korean Portal Hypertension Study Group","award":["2018-51-0488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-51-0488"]}]},{"name":"The Research Supporting Program of The Korean Portal Hypertension Study Group","award":["2020R1F1A1072449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1072449"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003606","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-51-0488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-51-0488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003606","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1F1A1072449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1072449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aims: The management of hepatic hydrothorax (HH) remains a challenging clinical scenario with suboptimal options. We investigated the effect and safety of pigtail catheter drainage compared to intermittent thoracentesis. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective study included 164 cirrhotic patients with recurrent pleural effusion from March 2012 to June 2017. Patients with neoplasms, cardiopulmonary disease, and infectious conditions were excluded. We compared the clinical outcomes of pigtail catheter drainage versus thoracentesis for variables including complications related to procedures, overall survival, and re-admission rates. Results: A total of 164 patients were divided into pigtail catheter (n = 115) and thoracentesis (n = 49) groups. During the follow-up period of 6.93 months after discharge, 98 patients died (pigtail; n = 47 vs. thoracentesis; n = 51). The overall survival (p = 0.61) and 30-day mortality (p = 0.77) rates were similar between the pigtail catheter and thoracentesis groups. Only MELD scores were associated with overall survival (adjusted HR, 1.08; p &lt; 0.01) in patients with HH. Spontaneous pleurodesis occurred in 59 patients (51.3%) in the pigtail catheter group. Re-admission rates did not differ between the pigtail catheter and thoracentesis groups (13.2% vs 19.6% p = 0.7). A total of five complications occurred, including four total cases of bleeding (one patient in the pigtail catheter group and three in the thoracentesis group) and one case of empyema in the pigtail catheter group. Conclusions: Pigtail catheter drainage is not inferior to that of intermittent thoracentesis for the management of HH, proving it may be an effective and safe clinical option.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T06:29:09Z","timestamp":1670221749000},"page":"7221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Outcome of Intermittent Thoracentesis versus Pigtail Catheter Drainage for Hepatic Hydrothorax"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seul-Ki","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Hee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1767-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Kyun","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-4293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taehyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3159-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minjong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baek-Gyu","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2492-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Suk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8956-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Tae","family":"Suk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9003-9862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Don","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung 25440, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gab-Jin","family":"Cheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung 25440, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Joon","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5792-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soon-Koo","family":"Baik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1301729","article-title":"Hepatic hydrothorax","volume":"33","author":"Krok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000025","article-title":"Hepatic hydrothorax: Clinical features, management, and outcomes in 77 patients and review of the literature","volume":"93","author":"Badillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31434","article-title":"Multidisciplinary Management of Hepatic Hydrothorax in 2020: An Evidence-Based Review and Guidance","volume":"72","author":"Banini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3612","article-title":"Increased Risk of ACLF and Inpatient Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis and Hepatic Hydrothorax","volume":"66","author":"Tandon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2019.0065","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of chronic liver disease in the Korean adult population, 1998\u20132017","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14842","article-title":"Management of hepatic hydrothorax and effect on length of stay, mortality, cost, and 30-day hospital readmission","volume":"35","author":"Sobotka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000484","article-title":"Comparison of treatment of hepatic hydrothorax with catheter drainage versus serial thoracentesis","volume":"24","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"57","article-title":"The pigtail catheter for pleural drainage: A less invasive alternative to tube thoracostomy","volume":"3","author":"Gammie","year":"1999","journal-title":"JSLS"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(06)80153-X","article-title":"Study of Pigtail Catheters for Tube Thoracostomy","volume":"62","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed. Forces India"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2013.04.032","article-title":"Percutaneous pigtail catheter versus tube thoracostomy for pediatric empyema: A comparison of outcomes","volume":"154","author":"Petel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206114","article-title":"Thoracentesis outcomes: A 12-year experience","volume":"70","author":"Ault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.210.1.r99dc04277","article-title":"Malignant pleural effusions: Treatment with small-bore-catheter thoracostomy and talc pleurodesis","volume":"210","author":"Marom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"4013052","article-title":"Pigtail Catheter: A Less Invasive Option for Pleural Drainage in Egyptian Patients with Recurrent Hepatic Hydrothorax","volume":"2016","author":"Bediwy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972311407216","article-title":"The use of the PleurX catheter in the management of non-malignant pleural effusions","volume":"8","author":"Chalhoub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chron. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.4103\/atm.ATM_289_20","article-title":"Predicting the survival in patients with malignant pleural effusion undergoing indwelling pleural catheter insertion","volume":"15","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2019.0010n","article-title":"KASL clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis: Varices, hepatic encephalopathy, and related complications","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4463-8","article-title":"Mortality Following Catheter Drainage versus Thoracentesis in Cirrhotic Patients with Pleural Effusion","volume":"62","author":"Hung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.4.1116","article-title":"Efficacy and complications of percutaneous pigtail catheters for thoracostomy in pediatric patients","volume":"114","author":"Roberts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.17435","article-title":"Pleurodesis with iodized talc for malignant effusions using pigtail catheters","volume":"32","author":"Thompson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.08.007","article-title":"Natural history of patients hospitalized for management of cirrhotic ascites","volume":"4","author":"Planas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.065","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis","volume":"133","author":"Navasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/23\/7221\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:14Z","timestamp":1760146454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/23\/7221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11237221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11237221","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]}}}