{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T15:30:25Z","timestamp":1775575825712,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health (Current Research IRCCS)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Extra-pulmonary features sometimes occur in association with atypical bacterial pneumonia and include neurologic manifestations, diarrhea, rashes, altered liver enzymes, or kidney injury, among other conditions. Acute pancreatitis has been associated with atypical pneumonias since 1973. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature in the Excerpta Medica, National Library of Medicine, and Web of Science databases. We retained 27 reports published between 1973 and 2022 describing subjects with an otherwise unexplained pancreatitis temporally associated with an atypical pneumonia. Results: The reports included 33 subjects (19 males, and 14 females; 8 children and 25 adults) with acute pancreatitis temporally associated with atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 18), Legionella species (n = 14), or Coxiella burnetii (n = 1). Approximately 90% of patients (n = 29) concurrently presented with respiratory and pancreatic diseases. No cases associated with Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, or Francisella species were found. Conclusions: Acute pancreatitis has been associated with various infectious agents. The present review documents the association with atypical pneumonia induced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella species, and Coxiella burnetii.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T04:00:37Z","timestamp":1670385637000},"page":"7248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Acute Pancreatitis Associated with Atypical Bacterial Pneumonia: Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gwendolyn","family":"Graf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia A. M.","family":"Vassalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kottanattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario G.","family":"Bianchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"Family Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5006-0832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Agostoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio P.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiano A. G.","family":"Lava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Heart Failure and Transplantation, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 1DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0944-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro B.","family":"Far\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7900-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Janett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000048","article-title":"Atypical pneumonia","volume":"20","author":"Basarab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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