{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:48:11Z","timestamp":1780418891519,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union FEDER funds","award":["2020\/0720\/00098137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/0720\/00098137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Laguna ONhE provides a globin distribution function (GDF), in which a glaucoma discriminator based on deep learning plays an important role, and there is also an optimized globin individual pointer (GIP) for progression analysis. Methods: Signs of optic nerve glaucoma were identified in 1,124,885 fundus images from 203,115 diabetics obtained over 15 years and 117,813 control images. Results: A total of 743,696 images from 313,040 eyes of 173,661 diabetics were analysed. Some exclusions occurred due to excessive illumination, poor quality, or the absence of optic discs. Suspicion of glaucoma was reported in 6.70%, for an intended specificity of 99% (GDF &lt; \u221215). More signs of glaucoma occur in diabetics as their years of disease increase, and after age 60, compared to controls. The GIP detected progression (p &lt; 0.01) in 2.59% of cases with 4 controls and in 42.6% with 14 controls was higher in cases with lower GDF values. The GDF was corrected for the disc area and proved to be independent of it (r = 0.001925; p = 0.2814). Conclusions: The GDF index suggests a higher and increasing glaucoma probability in diabetics over time. Doubling the number of check-ups from four to eight increases the ability to detect GIP index progression by a factor of 5.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:23:49Z","timestamp":1670556229000},"page":"7294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Glaucoma Incidence and Progression in Diabetics: The Canary Islands Study Using the Laguna ONhE Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0749-5774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Gonzalez-Hernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSOFT S.L. 25 de Julio, 34, 38004 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera Ofra S\/N, 38320 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7397-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gonzalez-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSOFT S.L. 25 de Julio, 34, 38004 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9569-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisamar","family":"Betancor-Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera Ofra S\/N, 38320 San Cristobal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Guedes-Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Insular de Gran Canaria, Avenida de Canarias, S\/N, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten Kirk","family":"Guldager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RetinaLyze System A\/S, Sankt Lukas Stiftelsen, Bernstorffsvej 20, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Gonzalez de la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSOFT S.L. 25 de Julio, 34, 38004 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30247-4","article-title":"Open-angle glaucoma and diabetes: The Blue Mountains eye study, Australia","volume":"104","author":"Mitchel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01173.x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bonovas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabet. 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