{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:06:12Z","timestamp":1791893172876,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCMF-CP 111-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-CP 111-06"]}]},{"name":"Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCMF-MP-110-03-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMF-MP-110-03-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder dysfunction is a common complication after chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Patients may experience renal function loss, urinary tract infection (UTI), urolithiasis, bladder cancer, and even life-threatening events such as severe sepsis or renal failure. Suitable patient care may prevent UTI and urinary incontinence, decrease medication use, and preserve renal function. As the primary goal is to preserve renal function, management should be focused on facilitating bladder drainage, the avoidance of UTI, and the maintenance of a low intravesical pressure for continence and complete bladder emptying. Currently, several bladder management options are available to SCI patients: (1) reflex voiding; (2) clean intermittent catheterization; (3) indwelling catheterization. The target organ may be the bladder or the bladder outlet. The purposes of intervention include the following: (1) increasing bladder capacity and\/or decreasing intravesical pressure; (2) increasing bladder outlet resistance; (3) decreasing bladder outlet resistance; (4) producing detrusor contractility; (5) urinary diversion. Different bladder management methods and interventions may have different results depending on the patient\u2019s lower urinary tract dysfunction. This review aims to report the current management options for long-term bladder dysfunction in chronic SCI patients. Furthermore, we summarize the most suitable care plans for improving the clinical outcome of SCI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:23:49Z","timestamp":1670556229000},"page":"7307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Long-Term Surveillance and Management of Urological Complications in Chronic Spinal Cord-Injured Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shu-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Fong","family":"Jhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Ho","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Yuanlin Christian Hospital, Changhua 51053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Ri","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22000, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Lang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7165-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hann-Chorng","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jerome, B., Alana, O., Shakespeare, T., von Groote, P., and World Health Organization (2013). 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