{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:55:24Z","timestamp":1789102524202,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of food hypersensitivity has increased dramatically over the years not only among children but also in adults. Adult patients are usually less suspected of food hypersensitivity symptoms since food allergies are more typical for small children, with a tendency to outgrow the condition. The aim of this article is to increase awareness of hypersensitivity to food symptoms and their diagnosis and treatment possibilities among gastroenterologists and other health care professionals dealing with this type of patient. Symptoms of many gastrointestinal disorders, especially functional, may be driven by different types of mechanisms, and food intolerance or allergy should be considered as a potential cause. This article presents the current understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of immune- and non-immune-mediated food-induced diseases. Diagnosis of food hypersensitivity is based mainly on medical history, different types of sensitivity tests, e.g., hydrogen breath test, specific IgE (sIgE) serum concentration, tissue eosinophil count, skin tests and oral food challenges considered as a \u201cgold standard\u201d for food allergy. Elimination diet and pharmacologic treatment for allergy symptoms are first-line therapies. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases are often caused by non-IgE-mediated food allergies, require endoscopic biopsy samples to confirm diagnosis and proper elimination diet often combined with steroids or proton pump inhibitor agents for treatment. Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) derives from pathologic reaction of mast cells with increased tryptase serum level as a marker. Symptoms may occur in the digestive, respiratory, skin, neurologic and cardiovascular system. Treatment is based on histamine type 1, type 2 (H1, H2) receptor antagonists and other mast cell stabilizing agents. Carbohydrate intolerances are the most common type of food hypersensitivity in adult patients, and an elimination diet is effective for reducing symptoms. Food additives hypersensitivity remains difficult to diagnose, but use of a diet low in chemical substances alleviates symptoms and helps to diagnose the triggering factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T04:34:20Z","timestamp":1670819660000},"page":"7326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Management of Adult Patients with Gastrointestinal Symptoms from Food Hypersensitivity\u2014Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alina","family":"Kanikowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski St. 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Janisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski St. 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Ma\u0144kowska-Wierzbicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski St. 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Gabryel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski St. 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Dobrowolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski St. 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9306-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski St. 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.003","article-title":"Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management","volume":"141","author":"Sicherer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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