{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T21:57:27Z","timestamp":1785794247710,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]],"date-time":"2022-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan","award":["16K11782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K11782"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan","award":["18K17245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K17245"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan","award":["20K10198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10198"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although nasal obstruction (NO) during growth causes maxillofacial growth suppression, it remains unclear whether eliminating the NO affects maxillary and mandibular growth differentially. We aimed to clarify whether eliminating NO can help regain normal maxillofacial growth and to determine the optimal intervention timing. Forty-two 4-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Their left nostril was sutured to simulate NO over different durations in the experimental groups; the sutures were later removed to resume nasal breathing. Maxillofacial morphology was assessed using microcomputed tomography. Immunohistochemical changes in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1\u03b1, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) of the condylar cartilage were evaluated to reveal the underlying mechanisms of these changes. Maxillary length was significantly lower in rats with NO for \u22655 weeks. In groups with NO for \u22657 weeks, the posterior mandibular length, ramus height, thickness of the hypertrophic cell layer in the condylar cartilage, HIF-1\u03b1 levels, and RANKL levels were significantly lower and OPG levels and RANKL\/OPG were significantly higher than those in the control group. Our findings suggest that eliminating NO is effective in regaining maxillofacial growth. Moreover, the optimal timing of intervention differed between the maxilla and mandible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T04:34:20Z","timestamp":1670819660000},"page":"7359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Differential Recovery Patterns of the Maxilla and Mandible after Eliminating Nasal Obstruction in Growing Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mirei","family":"Keitoku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Yonemitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhei","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000239111.24094.a3","article-title":"Relationships among nasal obstruction, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life","volume":"116","author":"Udaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200307000-00004","article-title":"Quality of life assessment in nasal airway obstruction","volume":"113","author":"Rhee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24216","article-title":"NO during adolescence induces memory\/learning impairments associated with BDNF\/TrkB signaling pathway hypofunction and high corticosterone levels","volume":"96","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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