{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T06:13:37Z","timestamp":1760249617291,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Agency","award":["2020\/ABM\/COVID19\/0077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/ABM\/COVID19\/0077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Poland was reported on 4 March 2020. We aim to compare the clinical course and outcomes of patients hospitalized in the Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw due to COVID-19 during three pandemic waves. Materials and methods: The medical data were collected for all patients diagnosed with COVID-19 hospitalized in our hospital from 6 March 2020 till 30 November 2021. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed by nasopharyngeal swabs using real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR) or SARS-CoV-2 antigen test. COVID-19 waves were defined based on the number and dynamics of cases. Results: Altogether, 2138 patient medical records were analyzed. The majority of the cohort was male (1235\/2138, 57.8%), and the median age was 65 years [IQR: 50\u201374 years]. Patients hospitalized during the third wave had lower oxygen saturation on admission (p &lt; 0.001) and were more likely to receive oxygen supplementation (p &lt; 0.001). Serious complications, including pneumothorax (p &lt; 0.001) and thromboembolic complications (p &lt; 0.001), intensive care unit admission (p = 0.034), and death (p = 0.003), occurred more often in patients of the third wave. Conclusions: During the third wave, patients in our cohort experienced a more severe course of the disease and poorer outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T03:32:32Z","timestamp":1670902352000},"page":"7386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Clinical Course and Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized Due to COVID-19 during Three Pandemic Waves in Poland: A Single Center Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6488-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Bie\u0144kowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justyna D.","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Paciorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Wasilewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Uliczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Garbacz-\u0141ago\u017cna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Pihowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Mrozi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Dyda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Makowiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9745-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Pu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Horban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Adults\u2019 Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flisiak, R., Rzymski, P., Zar\u0119bska-Michaluk, D., Rogalska, M., Rorat, M., Czupryna, P., Lorenc, B., Ciechanowski, P., Kozielewicz, D., and Piekarska, A. 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