{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T11:01:18Z","timestamp":1762081278416,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-110-2622-8-075-001","V111C-162","VGHUST111C-140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2622-8-075-001","V111C-162","VGHUST111C-140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","award":["MOST-110-2622-8-075-001","V111C-162","VGHUST111C-140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2622-8-075-001","V111C-162","VGHUST111C-140"]}]},{"name":"Veterans General Hospitals and University System of Taiwan Joint Research Program","award":["MOST-110-2622-8-075-001","V111C-162","VGHUST111C-140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-110-2622-8-075-001","V111C-162","VGHUST111C-140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This population-based, case\u2013control study aims to explore the relationship between prior tinnitus and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using a nationwide, population-based cohort study. We used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to explore the association of CKD with tinnitus. We identified 15,314 patients aged \u226540 years old with a first-time diagnosis of CKD as the cases. We used propensity-scored matching to select 45,942 controls (1:3 ratio). We performed multivariate logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of a prior tinnitus diagnosis among the CKD group vs. the control group. Analysis showed that 770 (1.26%) out of the 61,256 sampled patients had previously diagnosed tinnitus. Chi-square testing revealed a significant difference in the rate of previously diagnosed tinnitus between cases and controls (3.86% vs. 0.93%, p &lt; 0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed an OR of prior tinnitus for cases of 10.249 (95% confidence interval (CI): (8.662~12.126)) relative to controls. In adjusted analysis, cases were more likely than controls to have a prior diagnosis of tinnitus (OR = 10.970, 95% CI = 9.255~13.004, p &lt; 0.001) after adjusting for age, sex, monthly income, geographic location, urbanization level, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and autoimmune disease. Our study shows that CKD patients have a higher likelihood of having suffered from tinnitus before CKD was diagnosed, but we have no data suggesting that tinnitus is a predictor of subsequent CKD. Patients diagnosed with tinnitus may benefit from proactive measures to prevent CKD and detect it early through lifestyle modifications and regular renal function examinations, regardless of CKD-related symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T08:41:41Z","timestamp":1671439301000},"page":"7524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of Chronic Kidney Disease with Prior Tinnitus: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9591-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Han","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Master\/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Xirasagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Fu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center of Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9199-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nai-Wen","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herng-Ching","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Care Administration, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14745","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: A review","volume":"322","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2010.01304.x","article-title":"Epidemiology, impact and preventive care of chronic kidney disease in Taiwan","volume":"15","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"389","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1836-x","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of diabetic microangiopathy in type 1 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Rossing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.025","article-title":"Severe hypertension with renal thrombotic microangiopathy: What happened to the usual suspect?","volume":"91","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2174\/157339910790909387","article-title":"Review of the relationship between renal and retinal microangiopathy in diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"6","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. 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