{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T11:34:22Z","timestamp":1791027262983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acne vulgaris is an extremely common skin condition, affecting a large population of adolescents, but at the same time, remaining a quite common issue in the group of adult patients. Its complex pathogenesis includes increased sebum secretion, impaired follicular keratinization, colonization of sebaceous glands with Cutibacterium acne bacteria, and the development of inflammation in pilosebaceous units. Although there are many methods of treatment available targeting the mechanisms mentioned above, a large percentage of patients remain undertreated or non-compliant with treatment. Ineffective treatment results in the formation of acne scars, which has a major impact on the well-being and quality of life of the patients. The aim of this publication was a review of available evidence on widely used and novel methods of topical and systemic treatment of acne, additionally including current literature-based analysis of factors affecting patients\u2019 compliance. The strengths and limitations of novel substances for treating acne were discussed. We conclude that an effective acne treatment remains a challenge. A better understanding of current treatment options and factors affecting patients\u2019 compliance could be a helpful tool in choosing a proper treatment option.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T08:41:41Z","timestamp":1671439301000},"page":"7535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Acne Vulgaris\u2014Novel Treatment Options and Factors Affecting Therapy Adherence: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Tobiasz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Nowicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek C.","family":"Szepietowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.446","article-title":"The global burden of skin disease in 2010: An analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions","volume":"134","author":"Hay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60321-8","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"379","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15033","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.29","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"1","author":"Tuchayi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szepietowska, M., D\u0105browska, A., Nowak, B., Skinderowicz, K., Wilczy\u0144ski, B., Krajewski, P.K., and Jankowska-Konsur, A. (2022). Facial acne causes stigmatization among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. J. Cosmet. Dermatol., in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15268"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"446","article-title":"Prevalence and psychosocial impact of acne vulgaris among high school and university students in Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"77","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. J. Malaysia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754221119496","article-title":"The Social and Psychological Impact of Acne Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study of Blood Donors","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13776","article-title":"European evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of acne\u2014Update 2016\u2014Short version","volume":"30","author":"Nast","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12713","article-title":"Medication Adherence in Children and Adolescents with Acne Vulgaris in Medicaid: A Retrospective Study Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Hester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14733","article-title":"Trends in utilization of non-first-line topical acne medications among children, adolescents, and adults in the United States, 2012\u20132016","volume":"38","author":"Afarideh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"93","article-title":"What is synergy?","volume":"41","author":"Berenbaum","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.06.006","article-title":"Adapalene-benzoyl peroxide, a fixed-dose combination for the treatment of acne vulgaris: Results of a multicenter, randomized double-blind, controlled study","volume":"57","author":"Thiboutot","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2016.1214234","article-title":"The extinction of topical erythromycin therapy for acne vulgaris and concern for the future of topical clindamycin","volume":"28","author":"Austin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatolog. Treat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13622","article-title":"A multicentre, randomized, single-blind comparison of topical clindamycin 1%\/benzoyl peroxide 5% once-daily gel versus clindamycin 1% twice-daily gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris in Chinese patients","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1969.01610220097017","article-title":"Topical vitamin A acid in acne vulgaris","volume":"99","author":"Kligman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Wolverton, S.E., and Wu, J.J. (2020). Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04873.x","article-title":"Topical adapalene gel 0.1% vs. isotretinoin gel 0.05% in the treatment of acne vulgaris: A randomized open-label clinical trial","volume":"147","author":"Ioannides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"s3","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of adapalene 0.3% gel compared to tazarotene 0.1% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"7","author":"Thiboutot","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, October 30). AKLIEF\u00ae (Trifarotene) Cream, for Topical Use, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/211527s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"26","article-title":"Trifarotene (Aklief, Galderma)","volume":"45","author":"Holston","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Drug Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"442","article-title":"Nonclinical and human pharmacology of the potent and selective topical retinoic acid receptor-\u03b3 agonist trifarotene","volume":"179","author":"Aubert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.02.044","article-title":"Randomized phase 3 evaluation of trifarotene 50 \u03bcg\/g cream treatment of moderate facial and truncal acne","volume":"80","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15794","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of trifarotene 50 \u03bcg\/g cream, a first-in-class RAR-\u03b3 selective topical retinoid, in patients with moderate facial and truncal acne","volume":"34","author":"Fowler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.6778","article-title":"Advances in Topical Management of Adolescent Facial and Truncal Acne: A Phase 3 Pooled Analysis of Safety and Efficacy of Trifarotene 0.005% Cream","volume":"21","author":"Eichenfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-021-02256-5","article-title":"Efficacy assessments of tretinoin-loaded nano lipid carriers in acne vulgaris: A double blind, split-face randomized clinical study","volume":"314","author":"Samadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1159\/000488993","article-title":"Tretinoin Loaded Nanoemulsion for Acne Vulgaris: Fabrication, Physicochemical and Clinical Efficacy Assessments","volume":"31","author":"Sabouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.98077","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a nano-emulsion gel formulation of adapalene 0.1% and clindamycin 1% combination in acne vulgaris: A randomized, open label, active-controlled, multicentric, phase IV clinical trial","volume":"78","author":"Prasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-021-02267-2","article-title":"A topical gel of tea tree oil nanoemulsion containing adapalene versus adapalene marketed gel in patients with acne vulgaris: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"Moghimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4103\/0110-5558.72416","article-title":"Microsponges: A novel strategy for drug delivery system","volume":"1","author":"Kaity","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Won, R. (1987). Method for Delivering an Active Ingredient by Controlled Time Release Utilizing a Novel Delivery Vehicle Which Can Be Prepared by a Process Utilizing the Active Ingredient as a Porogen. (4,690,825), U.S. Patent, Available online: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US4690825A\/en."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2019.05.004","article-title":"Microsponges for dermatological applications: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"15","author":"Mahant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15655-z","article-title":"Microsponge based gel as a simple and valuable strategy for formulating and releasing Tazarotene in a controlled manner","volume":"12","author":"Khattab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"12","article-title":"Once-daily tazarotene 0.1 % gel versus once-daily tretinoin 0.1 % microsponge gel for the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: A double-blind randomized trial","volume":"69","author":"Leyden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"17","article-title":"Randomized facial tolerability studies comparing gel formulations of retinoids used to treat acne vulgaris","volume":"67","author":"Leyden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.11.001","article-title":"The microsponge delivery system of benzoyl peroxide: Preparation, characterization and release studies","volume":"308","author":"Jelvehgari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2007.06.012","article-title":"Factors affecting the morphology of benzoyl peroxide microsponges","volume":"38","author":"Nokhodchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, October 30). WINLEVI\u00ae (Clascoterone) Cream, for Topical Use, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2020\/213433s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"881","article-title":"Biological profile of cortexolone 17alpha-propionate (CB-03-01), a new topical and peripherally selective androgen antagonist","volume":"54","author":"Celasco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"570","article-title":"A Phase 2b, Randomized, Double-Blind Vehicle Controlled, Dose Escalation Study Evaluating Clascoterone 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% Topical Cream in Subjects with Facial Acne","volume":"18","author":"Mazzetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"563","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Profile, Safety, and Tolerability of Clascoterone (Cortexolone 17-alpha propionate, CB-03-01) Topical Cream, 1% in Subjects with Acne Vulgaris: An Open-Label Phase 2a Study","volume":"18","author":"Mazzetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.0465","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Topical Clascoterone Cream, 1%, for Treatment in Patients with Facial Acne: Two Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"156","author":"Hebert","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Brown, P.C. (2022, October 30). ACZONE\u00ae (Dapsone) Gel, 7.5%\u2013Clinical Review, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/104709\/download."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.10.005","article-title":"Two randomized studies demonstrate the efficacy and safety of dapsone gel, 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"56","author":"Draelos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"962","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Once-Daily Dapsone Gel, 7.5% for Treatment of Adolescents and Adults with Acne Vulgaris: Second of Two Identically Designed, Large, Multicenter, Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled Trials","volume":"15","author":"Eichenfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"160","article-title":"Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Topical Dapsone Gel, 7.5% for Treatment of Acne Vulgaris by Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"644","article-title":"Tolerability and irritation potential of four topical acne regimens in healthy subjects","volume":"12","author":"Grove","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.423","article-title":"Calcipotriol induces autophagy in HeLa cells and keratinocytes","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"e15690","article-title":"Calcipotriol: A novel tool in treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00130404-200203000-00009","article-title":"New technology for deep light distribution in tissue for phototherapy","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00046.x","article-title":"Topical ALA-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"115","author":"Hongcharu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12753","article-title":"Combined versus conventional photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid nanoemulsion (BF-200 ALA) for actinic keratosis: A randomized, single-blind, prospective study","volume":"38","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.2779","article-title":"Evaluation of Long-term Clearance Rates of Interventions for Actinic Keratosis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Steeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073274819856885","DOI":"10.1177\/1073274819856885","article-title":"Overall Results for a National Program of Photodynamic Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Clinical Study to Bring New Techniques to Social Health Care","volume":"26","author":"Moriyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.2749","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Topical Hypericin Photodynamic Therapy for Early-Stage Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides): The FLASH Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"158","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12059","article-title":"Short-term clinical effects of photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid for facial acne conglobata: An open, prospective, parallel-arm trial","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102215","article-title":"Combination of 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy and isotretinoin to treat moderate-to-severe acne","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.03.048","article-title":"Pain associated with aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy of skin disease","volume":"61","author":"Warren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0255-3","article-title":"The Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Acne: An Evidence-Based Review","volume":"18","author":"Boen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112299","article-title":"Optimizing treatment of acne with photodynamic therapy (PDT) to achieve long-term remission and reduce side effects. A prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"223","author":"Wojewoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13038","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for severe facial acne vulgaris with 5% 5-aminolevulinic acid vs 10% 5-aminolevulinic acid: A split-face randomized controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"190","article-title":"Bacterial resistance in acne? A meta-analysis of the controversy","volume":"84","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cir. Cir."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"22","article-title":"Antibiotic sensitivity of Propionibacterium acnes isolates from patients with acne vulgaris in a tertiary dermatological referral centre in Singapore","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2016.10.008","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes and antimicrobial resistance in acne","volume":"35","author":"Dessinioti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2022, October 30). SEYSARA\u2122 (Sarecycline) Tablets for Oral Use, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/209521s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01297-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01297-18","article-title":"Microbiological Profile of Sarecycline, a Novel Targeted Spectrum Tetracycline for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris","volume":"63","author":"Zhanel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"987","article-title":"Once-Daily Oral Sarecycline 1.5 mg\/kg\/day Is Effective for Moderate to Severe Acne Vulgaris: Results from Two Identically Designed, Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trials","volume":"17","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"634","article-title":"Management of Truncal Acne with Oral Sarecycline: Pooled Results from Two Phase-3 Clinical Trials","volume":"20","author":"Baldwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"E53","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of Sarecycline for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris: Results from a Phase III, Multicenter, Open-Label Study and a Phase I Phototoxicity Study","volume":"12","author":"Pariser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2010.01238.x","article-title":"Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, attenuates chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice and rats","volume":"63","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2022, October 30). Montelukast 10 mg Film Coated Tablets. Available online: https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/1243\/."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.158270","article-title":"Comparing efficacy of Montelukast versus doxycycline in treatment of moderate acne","volume":"20","author":"Behrangi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14462","article-title":"Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of montelukast versus finasteride for the treatment of moderate acne in women: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded, active-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Rokni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"e15770","article-title":"Montelukast as an effective adjuvant in the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris","volume":"35","author":"Dastgheib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2008.06.002","article-title":"Hormonal therapy for acne","volume":"27","author":"George","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2007.00213.x","article-title":"Medication compliance and persistence: Terminology and definitions","volume":"11","author":"Cramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04416.x","article-title":"Large-scale worldwide observational study of adherence with acne therapy","volume":"49","author":"Thiboutot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1618434","article-title":"Factors affecting adherence and patient satisfaction with treatment: A cross-sectional study of 500 patients with acne vulgaris","volume":"32","author":"Hayran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14408","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14408","article-title":"Medication adherence and its possible associated factors in patients with acne vulgaris: A cross-sectional study of 200 patients in Iran","volume":"33","author":"Salamzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000332847","article-title":"Acne management in Japan: Study of patient adherence","volume":"223","author":"Miyachi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S230921","article-title":"Treatment Adherence among Patients with Five Dermatological Diseases and Four Treatment Types\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"13","author":"Alsubeeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.11.019","article-title":"An exploratory study of adherence to topical benzoyl peroxide in patients with acne vulgaris","volume":"60","author":"Yentzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"758","article-title":"Adherence and Persistence to Acne Medications: A Population-Based Claims Database Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Grada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, C.T., Chen, Y.H., Hung, T.L., Chiang, C.P., Chen, C.Y., and Wang, W.M. (2022). Clinician-created educational video for shared decision-making in the outpatient management of acne. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271100"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/24\/7535\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:14Z","timestamp":1760147054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/11\/24\/7535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm11247535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11247535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]}}}