{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:38:52Z","timestamp":1792143532728,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is a serious complication occurring as a consequence of immunosuppression in the setting of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT). The majority of PTLD arises from B-cells, and Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) infection is present in 60\u201380% of the cases, revealing the central role played by the latent infection in the pathogenesis of the disease. Therefore, EBV serological status is considered the most important risk factor associated with PTLDs, together with the depth of T-cell immunosuppression pre- and post-transplant. However, despite the advances in pathogenesis understanding and the introduction of novel treatment options, PTLD arising after alloHSCT remains a particularly challenging disease, and there is a need for consensus on how to treat rituximab-refractory cases. This review aims to explore the pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatment options of PTLD in the alloHSCT setting, finally focusing on adoptive immunotherapy options, namely EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (EBV-CTL) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR T).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T02:05:02Z","timestamp":1671501902000},"page":"7542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD) after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Biology and Treatment Options"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Clerico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, A.O.U. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Dogliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Transplant Unit, A.O.U. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3428-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Aroldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, University of Milan-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Consoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, A.O.U. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Giaccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Transplant Unit, A.O.U. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetto","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, A.O.U. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2047-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, A.O.U. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13150-4_13","article-title":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"165","author":"Singavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-013-0162-5","article-title":"Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD): Risk factors, diagnosis, and current treatment strategies","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. 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