{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:36:25Z","timestamp":1792445785867,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive, multifactorial disease resulting in a progressive loss of articular cartilage structure and function that is most common in middle-aged and older patients. OA is involved in the loss of extracellular matrix and cartilage as well as cell number decreases within the matrix, especially in the further stages of the disease. The immune system plays a pivotal role in the pathomechanism of this condition. Both humoral and cellular mediators contribute to cartilage destruction, abnormal bone remodeling, synovitis, and joint effusion. The increasing prevalence of this disease has led to a growing interest in using animal models as the primary way to broaden the knowledge of the pathogenesis of OA and possible therapies at each stage of disease development. This review aims to describe the signs, pathogenesis, and classification of OA as well as discuss the advantages and disadvantages of some animal models. The currently used treatment methods include mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, gene therapies, and blood-derived products. In addition, exogenous growth factors, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet lysate, and autologous conditioned serum (ACS) are discussed with the application of tissue engineering techniques and biomaterials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T04:21:56Z","timestamp":1671510116000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Osteoarthritis: Pathogenesis, Animal Models, and New Regenerative Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szponder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-612 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7919-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Latalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Orthopaedic Department, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0884-7498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Danielewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Orthopaedic Department, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kra\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Research Group of Veterinary Analysts, Sub-Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kozera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Research Group of Veterinary Analysts, Sub-Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Drzewiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7339-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Nguyen Ngoc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Dobko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students Research Group of Veterinary Analysts, Sub-Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8815-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Wessely-Szponder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9659412","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9659412","article-title":"Animal Models of Osteochondral Defect for Testing Biomaterials","volume":"2020","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. 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