{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:22:06Z","timestamp":1786321326683,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nanjing Medical Science and Technology Development Key Project","award":["ZKX21043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZKX21043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ambient air pollution is closely related to a variety of health outcomes. Few studies have focused on the correlations between air pollution exposure and children\u2019s sexual development. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of exposure to air pollution on precocious puberty among children using real-world evidence. Methods: We conducted a case-crossover study (n = 2201) to investigate the effect of ambient air pollution exposure on precocious puberty from January 2016 to December 2021. Average exposure levels of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 before diagnosis were calculated by using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. Distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to assess the effect of air pollutants exposure on precocious puberty. Results: The mean age of the children who were diagnosed with precocious puberty was 7.47 \u00b1 1.24 years. The average concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 were 38.81 \u00b1 26.36 \u03bcg\/m3 and 69.77 \u00b1 41.07 \u03bcg\/m3, respectively. We found that exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 might increase the risk of precocious puberty using the DLNM model adjusted for the age, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 levels. The strongest effects of the PM2.5 and PM10 on precocious puberty were observed in lag 27 (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.92) and lag 16 (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.33\u20132.85), respectively. Conclusion: Our findings supported that short-term exposure to air pollution was the risk factor for precocious puberty. Every effort should be made to protect children from air pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:18:18Z","timestamp":1672370298000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Precocious Puberty: A Case-Crossover Analysis in Nanjing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Haibo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aichen","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Department of Quality Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhou","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Information, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4310-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Department of Quality Management, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62158-3","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: An analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project","volume":"383","author":"Beelen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3830","DOI":"10.1021\/es505030u","article-title":"Differential distributed lag patterns of source-specific particulate matter on respiratory emergency hospitalizations","volume":"49","author":"Pun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. 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