{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:06:11Z","timestamp":1778216771437,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporomandibular disorder is a musculoskeletal disease with complex, multifactorial etiology regarding improper functioning of the stomatognathic system (masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joints, and surrounding structures). This article presents medical emergencies occurring among patients treated for temporomandibular disorders, which tend to constitute a severe difficulty for practitioners during their clinical practice. Examples of the most common emergencies of this type are disc displacement without reduction and a sudden contraction of the inferior part of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The latter occurs in cases of uncontrolled and incorrect use of the anterior repositioning splints and the hypertrophy of the coronoid process of the mandible. The sudden attacks of pain of secondary trigeminal neuralgia are also discussed in this article, together with their specific nature, which is significantly different from the nature of the pain of primary trigeminal neuralgia, yet the two types of neuralgia can be easily confused when the primary one takes the painful form. Subsequent emergencies discussed are myofascial pain syndrome, traumatic and inflammatory states of the temporomandibular joints, subluxation, and the consequences of intense occlusive parafunctions. Finally, the recommended therapeutic methods, which are used as part of the treatment in the cases of aforementioned emergencies, are described in this mini-review article, emphasizing that the implementation of the incorrect treatment and rehabilitation for emergencies of temporomandibular disorders may lead to permanent damage to the soft tissue structures of the temporomandibular joints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1672628459000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Emergencies in the Group of Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Pihut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Prosthodontic and Orthodontic Department, Institute of Dentistry, 4 Montelupich Str., 31-155 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6026-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Kulesa-Mrowiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Rehabilitation in Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Physiotherapy, 8 Skawi\u0144ska Str., 31-066 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wright, E., and Klasser, G. (2019). Management of Temporomandibular Disorders, Wiley\u2014Blackwell. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2013.04.006","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of temporomandibular disorders","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/jdrr.jdrr_1_18","article-title":"Association between parafunctional habit and sign and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Fale","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20180433","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2018-0433","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: A review of mechanisms and clinical presentation","volume":"27","author":"Poluha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37S","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514528333","article-title":"TMJ disc displacement without reduction management: A systematic review","volume":"93","author":"Durham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zotti, F., Albanese, M., Rodella, L.F., and Nocini, P.F. (2019). Platelet-rich plasma in treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunctions: Narrative review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020277"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"717","article-title":"Visual analogue scale (VAS)","volume":"80","author":"Crichton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132369","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/132369","article-title":"Evaluation of pain regression in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction treated by intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injections: A preliminary report","volume":"2014","author":"Pihut","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-016-0911-9","article-title":"The efficacy of platelets rich plasma injection in the superior joint space of the tempromandibular joint guided by ultra sound in patients with non-reducing disk displacement","volume":"16","author":"Alnuamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.09.014","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma for the therapeutic management of temporomandibular joint disorders: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Bousnaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2011.11.010","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of lateral pterygoid myospasm: A retrospective study of 18 patients","volume":"113","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2019.02.023","article-title":"Comorbidity between fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review","volume":"128","author":"Ayouni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0251-z","article-title":"Coexistence of fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorder, and masticatory myofascial pain syndromes","volume":"27","author":"Leblebici","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.010","article-title":"Somatosensory profiles in subgroups of patients with myogenic temporomandibular disorders and fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Pfau","year":"2009","journal-title":"PAIN\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"d\u2019Apuzzo, F., Minervini, G., Grassia, V., Rotolo, R.P., Perillo, L., and Nucci, L. (2021). Mandibular coronoid process hypertrophy: Diagnosis and 20-year follow-up with CBCT, MRI and EMG evaluations. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104504"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-199901000-00018","article-title":"Moebius syndrome: The new finding of hypertrophy of the coronoid process","volume":"10","author":"Turk","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402007000200017","article-title":"Hypertrophy of the mandibular coronoid process and structural alterations of the condyles associated with limited buccal opening: Case report","volume":"18","author":"Mazzetto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02089.x","article-title":"Management of TMD: Evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"37","author":"List","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowgierd, K., Pokrowiecki, R., Kulesa-Mrowiecka, M., and Mysliwiec, A. (2022). Protocol for Multi-Stage Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis in Children and Adolescents. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020428"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b18-00442","article-title":"Inflammation and temporomandibular joint derangement","volume":"42","author":"Ibi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2002.00859.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Nicolakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2011.38.6.396","article-title":"Differential diagnosis for orofacial pain, including sinusitis, TMD, trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"38","author":"Hegarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Update"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.02.006","article-title":"The psychosocial impact of orofacial pain in trigeminal neuralgia patients: A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Melek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000500021","article-title":"Psychological evaluation and cope with trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular disorder","volume":"66","author":"Castro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. De Neuro-Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmd.2004.04.001","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia and facial pain","volume":"2","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563786","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/563786","article-title":"Differential diagnostics of pain in the course of trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular joint dysfunction","volume":"2014","author":"Pihut","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3727\/036012910803860896","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of acupuncture for mandibular subluxation and dislocation","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acupunct. Electrother. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulesa-Mrowiecka, M., Piech, J., and Gazdzik, T.S. (2021). The Effectiveness of Physical Therapy in Patients with Generalized Joint Hypermobility and Concurrent Temporomandibular Disorders-A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173808"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulesa-Mrowiecka, M., Pihut, M., Slojewska, K., and Sulko, J. (2021). Temporomandibular Joint and Cervical Spine Mobility Assessment in the Prevention of Temporomandibular Disorders in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031076"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2010.08.001","article-title":"Use of a custom designed external fixator system to treat ballistic injuries to the mandible","volume":"40","author":"Gibbons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13073","article-title":"Exploiting endogenous fibrocartilage stem cells to regenerate cartilage and repair joint injury","volume":"7","author":"Embree","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis4020025","article-title":"Prosthodontic Treatment in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain and\/or Bruxism: A Review of the Literature","volume":"4","author":"Minervini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1179\/106698109791352184","article-title":"Management and treatment of temporomandibular disorders: A clinical perspective","volume":"17","author":"Wright","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2012.04.271","article-title":"Management of the temporomandibular joint in rheumatoid dis orders","volume":"51","author":"Sidebottom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/1\/298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:36Z","timestamp":1760147796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/1\/298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12010298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12010298","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]}}}