{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:51:45Z","timestamp":1788022305782,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to describe the anatomical details of the bony nasolacrimal duct (BNLD) and adjacent nasal structures by analyzing computed tomography (CT) images, and to investigate their effects on the development of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). Methods: A total of 50 patients with unilateral PANDO who underwent dacryocystorhinostomy, with a mean age of 57.96 years, were included. The preoperative CT images were reviewed to measure the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the BNLD at the entrance and exit levels, as well as the minimum transverse diameter along the tract. The sagittal CT images were analyzed to classify the shape of the bony canals into columnar, funnel, flare, and hourglass. The associated paranasal abnormalities, including nasal septum deviation (NSD), sinusitis, angle between the bony inferior turbinate and medial wall of the maxillary sinus, and mucosal thickness of the inferior turbinate, were investigated. Results: Fifty CT images were analyzed, and all parameters measured on both sides of the BNLD were not significantly different between the PANDO and non-PANDO sides, except for the minimum transverse diameter, which was significantly smaller on the PANDO side (p = 0.002). Columnar-shaped BNLD was the most common on both sides. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of paranasal abnormalities between sides; however, deviation of the septum toward the non-PANDO side was more common (67.9%). Conclusions: A small minimum transverse diameter of the BNLD may be a risk factor for PANDO. The association between nasal abnormalities and PANDO was not remarkable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1672628459000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Computed Tomography Morphology of Affected versus Unaffected Sides in Patients with Unilateral Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pei-Yuan","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Kang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Wen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(86)33620-0","article-title":"Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. 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Allergy"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/1\/340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:55:35Z","timestamp":1760118935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/1\/340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12010340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12010340","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]}}}