{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:20:03Z","timestamp":1789035603065,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an autoinflammatory disease occurring mainly in the pediatric age group (before 16 years) and generally presents as a separate entity. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome combines osteoarticular and cutaneous involvement, similar to CRMO, and falls into the spectrum of spondyloarthritis (SpA). The fact that a patient can progress from one disease to another raises the question of whether CRMO, like SAPHO, could fall within the spectrum of SpA, ranging from a predominantly osteoarticular form to an enthesitic form with more or less marked skin involvement. In this review, we set out to discuss this hypothesis by highlighting the differences and similarities between CRMO and juvenile SpA in clinical, radiological and pathophysiological aspects. A common hypothesis could potentially consider intestinal dysbiosis as the origin of these different inflammatory diseases. Interindividual factors such as gender, environment, genetics and\/or epigenetic background could act as combined disease modifiers. This is why we suggest that pathophysiology, rather than clinical phenotype, be used to reclassify these diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T02:20:30Z","timestamp":1672971630000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO) and Juvenile Spondyloarthritis (JSpA): To What Extent Are They Related?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8939-5763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Kon\u00e9-Paut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kremlin Bic\u00eatre Hospital, DMU Child and Adolescent Health, Pediatric Rheumatology, CEREMAIA, University of Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3337-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Mannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HP, Kremlin Bic\u00eatre Hospital, DMU 14 SMART IMAGING, Pediatric Radiology, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perrine","family":"Dusser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kremlin Bic\u00eatre Hospital, DMU Child and Adolescent Health, Pediatric Rheumatology, CEREMAIA, University of Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bic\u00eatre, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel190","article-title":"Classification of non-bacterial osteitis: Retrospective study of clinical, immunological and genetic aspects in 89 patients","volume":"46","author":"Jansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol. 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