{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:30Z","timestamp":1787028630026,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Horner\u2019s syndrome (HS), caused by lesions of the 3-neuron oculosympathetic nerve pathway (ONP), includes the triad: blepharoptosis, miosis and anhidrosis (ipsilateral with ONP damage). Thyroid\u2013related HS represents an unusual entity underling thyroid nodules\/goiter\/cancer\u2013HS (T-HS), and post-thyroidectomy HS (Tx-HS). We aim to overview Tx-HS. This is a narrative review. We revised PubMed published, full-length, English papers from inception to November 2022. Additionally, we introduced data on post-thyroidectomy lymphocele\/chylous leakage (Tx-L), and introduced a new pediatric case with both Tx-HS and Tx-L. Tx-HS: the level of statistical evidence varies from isolated case reports, studies analyzing the large panel of post-thyroidectomy complications reporting HS among the rarest side effects (as opposite to hypocalcemia), or different series of patients with HS due to various disorders, including T-HS\/Tx-HS. Tx-HS is related to benign or malignant thyroid conditions, regardless the type of surgery. A pre-operatory rate of T-HS of 0.14%; a post-operatory rate of Tx-HS between 0.03% and 5% (mostly, 0.2%) are identified; a possible higher risk on endoscopic rather than open procedure is described. Incomplete HS forms, and pediatric onset are identified, too; the earliest identification is after 2 h since intervention. A progressive remission is expected in most cases within the first 2\u20136 months to one year. The management is mostly conservative; some used glucocorticoids and neurotrophic agents. One major pitfall is an additional contributor factor like a local compression due to post-operatory collections (hematoma, cysts, fistula, Tx-L) and their correction improves the outcome. The prognostic probably depends on the severity of cervical sympathetic chain (CSC) lesions: indirect, mild injury due to local compressive masses, intra-operatory damage of CSC like ischemia and stretching of CSC by the retractor associate HS recovery, while CSC section is irreversible. Other iatrogenic contributors to HS are: intra-operatory manipulation of parathyroid glands, thyroid microwave\/radiofrequency ablation, and high-intensity focused ultrasound, and percutaneous ethanol injection into thyroid nodules. Tx-L, rarely reported (mostly &lt;0.5%, except for a ratio of 8.3% in one study), correlates with extended surgery, especially lateral\/central neck dissection, and the presence of congenitally\u2014aberrant lymphatic duct; it is, also, described after endoscopic procedures and chest-breast approach; it starts within days after surgery. Typically low-fat diet (even fasting and parental nutrition) and tube drainage are useful (as part of conservative management); some used octreotide, local sealing solutions like hypertonic glucose, Viscum album extract, n-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Re-intervention is required in severe cases due to the risk of lymphorrhoea and chylothorax. Early identification of Tx-HS and Tx-L improves the outcome. Some iatrogenic complications are inevitable and a multifactorial model of prediction is still required, also taking into consideration standardized operatory procedures, skillful intra-operatory manipulation, and close post-operatory follow-up of the patients, especially during modern era when thyroid surgery registered a massive progress allowing an early discharge of the patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T03:31:28Z","timestamp":1672975888000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Horner\u2019s Syndrome and Lymphocele Following Thyroid Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8585-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Carsote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy & \u201cC.I. Parhon\u201d National Institute of Endocrinology, 011683 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2274-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudiu-Eduard","family":"Nistor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 4\u2014Cardio-Thoracic Pathology, Thoracic Surgery II Discipline, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy & Thoracic Surgery Department, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Emergency University Military Hospital, 013058 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9834-3380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florina Ligia","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, \u201cLucian Blaga\u201d Faculty of Medicine, University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Stanciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cLucian\u201d Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/2576117X.2019.1609893","article-title":"Don\u2019t Miss This! Red Flags in the Pediatric Eye Exam: Pupils","volume":"69","author":"Lambert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Binocul. Vis. Ocul. Motil."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e016","article-title":"T1-T2 Disk Herniation Presenting with Horner Syndrome: A Case Report with Literary Review","volume":"2","author":"Possley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. Glob. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"34","article-title":"Iatrogenic Horner Syndrome: Etiology, Diagnosis and Outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Knyazer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000503","article-title":"Evaluation of Horner Syndrome in the MRI Era","volume":"37","author":"Sadaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138163","article-title":"Four common diseases causing sudden blindness or death in the eye emergency department","volume":"97","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00846","article-title":"The Tadpole Pupil: Case Series with Review of the Literature and New Considerations","volume":"10","author":"Udry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"193","article-title":"\u00dcber eine Form von Ptosis","volume":"7","author":"Horner","year":"1869","journal-title":"Klin. Mon. Augenheilk"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000511057","article-title":"Contributions to Progress in Ophthalmology from Switzerland: From the 16th to the 21st Century","volume":"244","author":"Gerste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12842","article-title":"Neuroimaging in Children with Ophthalmological Complaints: A Review","volume":"31","author":"Rootman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2020.54","article-title":"Vascular emergencies in neuro-ophthalmology","volume":"64","author":"Iorga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105680","article-title":"Body Lateropulsion in Stroke: Case Report and Systematic Review of Stroke Topography and Outcome","volume":"30","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6110","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i23.6110","article-title":"Malignant meningioma with jugular vein invasion and carotid artery extension: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.JCVJS_86_18","article-title":"Atypical presentation of extraspinal neurofibroma presenting with acute-onset monoparesis and Horner\u2019s syndrome: Case report and review of literature","volume":"10","author":"Nehete","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniovertebral Junction Spine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0611-z","article-title":"Vertebrobasilar ischemia (VBI) related neuro-ophthalmic syndromes after routine activities involving hyperextension or rotation of the neck (hairdresser syndrome)","volume":"34","author":"Go","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1840","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa010","article-title":"Internal Carotid Artery Dissection Presenting as Partial Horner\u2019s Syndrome and Vertigo","volume":"185","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"834","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of internal carotid artery dissection","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640900","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.640900","article-title":"Isolated Middle-Third Clavicle Fracture Causing Horner\u2019s Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e14531","article-title":"Horner Syndrome Secondary to Osteochondroma of the First Rib: A Case Report","volume":"13","author":"Tvedten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2022.03.863","article-title":"Redo surgery for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is useful","volume":"76","author":"Goeteyn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S362844","article-title":"Cervical Artery Dissections: Etiopathogenesis and Management","volume":"18","author":"Keser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.02.007","article-title":"Craniocervical Artery Dissections: A Concise Review for Clinicians","volume":"97","author":"Keser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001593","article-title":"Horner Syndrome in Giant Cell Arteritis: Case Series and Review of the Literature","volume":"42","author":"Sverdlichenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100679","article-title":"Horner Syndrome induced by toxoplasmosis infection in a patient with AIDS and disseminated herpes simplex virus","volume":"18","author":"Straehley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"71","article-title":"Retropharyngeal Abscess. Clinical Review of Twenty-five Years","volume":"72","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol. Esp."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e14541","article-title":"A Case of Spinal Epidural Abscess Presenting with Horner Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Sati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W.X., He, K.X., Dong, Y.B., Liu, L.F., and Lu, C. (2022). Intracapsular Enucleation of Cervical Sympathetic Chain Schwannoma. Ear Nose Throat J., 1455613221124777. online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1177\/01455613221124777"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_58_18","article-title":"Horner\u2019s Syndrome due to Cervical Sympathetic Chain Schwannoma: A Rare Presentation and Review of Literature","volume":"14","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227873","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-227873","article-title":"Pancoast tumour presenting as shoulder pain with Horner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Shanmugathas","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5044-4","article-title":"Spontaneous cervical intradural disc herniation presenting with Brown-S\u00e9quard and Horner\u2019s syndrome: Lesson learned from a very unique case","volume":"26","author":"Baudracco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000988","article-title":"Interscalene versus supraclavicular plexus block for the prevention of postoperative pain after shoulder surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Schubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09269-1","article-title":"Triple and quadruple cervical artery dissections: A systematic review of individual patient data","volume":"266","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120658","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.120658","article-title":"Supraclavicular vs. Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Nerve Blocks: Clinical, Pharmacological, and Anatomical Considerations","volume":"11","author":"Kaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-021-03000-z","article-title":"Anterior suprascapular nerve block versus interscalene brachial plexus block for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"36","author":"White","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02515-1","article-title":"Suprascapular nerve block is a clinically attractive alternative to interscalene nerve block during arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2019.06.031","article-title":"Horner Syndrome Caused by Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization","volume":"34","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2019.06.018","article-title":"Cardiac sympathetic denervation for refractory ventricular arrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2021.0332","article-title":"Thoracoscopic Resection of Thoracic Inlet Neuroblastic Tumors in Young Children","volume":"31","author":"Mehl","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.07.002","article-title":"Characteristics of benign neuroblastic tumors: Is surgery always necessary?","volume":"57","author":"Whitlock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33581","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of surgical outcomes for patients with Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma","volume":"127","author":"Scorletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2020.0850","article-title":"Improving Exposure Using Thoracoscopy for Apical Thoracic Neuroblastoma Encasing the Subclavian Vessels","volume":"31","author":"Abdelhafeez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2020.01.14","article-title":"Complications of anterior cervical spine surgery: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Yee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI-191-2019","article-title":"A Review of Complication Rates for Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion (ACDF)","volume":"10","author":"Epstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.101","article-title":"Horner Syndrome after Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Case Series and Systematic Review","volume":"133","author":"Lubelski","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000848","article-title":"Postoperative Horner Syndrome After Lung Transplantation","volume":"40","author":"Go","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.194146","article-title":"Horner Syndrome following Thyroid Surgery: The Clinical and Pharmacological Presentations","volume":"11","author":"Giannaccare","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.291.2732","article-title":"Irreversible Horner\u2019s syndrome diagnosed by aproclonidine test due to benign thyroid nodule","volume":"29","author":"Coskun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3181ce1a12","article-title":"Diagnostic value of imaging in horner syndrome in adults","volume":"30","author":"Almog","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235313","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-235313","article-title":"Benign thyroid swelling presenting as Horner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Shaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"41","article-title":"Resection of a giant bilateral retrovascular intrathoracic goiter causing severe upper airway obstruction, 2 years after subtotal thyroidectomy: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Tsakiridis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"245","article-title":"Acquired Horner\u2019s syndrome: Clinical review","volume":"74","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2014.06.010","article-title":"Rapidly enlarging neck masses of the thyroid with Horner\u2019s syndrome: A concise clinical review","volume":"13","author":"Donaldson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302013000600011","article-title":"Horner syndrome as a manifestation of thyroid carcinoma: A rare association","volume":"57","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.4158\/EP09106.CRR","article-title":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer manifesting as new-onset horner syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Broome","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"3543","article-title":"Clinical case seminar: Riedel\u2019s thyroiditis: Report of a case complicated by spontaneous hypoparathyroidism, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and horner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Yasmeen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.14791\/btrt.2014.2.2.132","article-title":"Brain Metastases of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Horner\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000049270","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome and thyroid neoplasms","volume":"64","author":"Leuchter","year":"2002","journal-title":"ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800520909","article-title":"Damage to the cervical sympathetic system during operations on the thyroid gland","volume":"52","author":"Smith","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2019.05.013","article-title":"Post-thyroidectomy Horner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Bailleul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316984","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/316984","article-title":"Postthyroidectomy Horner\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Vilallonga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"299","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome after neck surgery","volume":"63","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol. Esp."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-288B","article-title":"Reverse \u201cL\u201d surgical approach for the management of giant tumors of the cervicothoracic junction","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728S","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561320907714","article-title":"Delayed Horner Syndrome and Accessory Nerve Weakness After Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Surgery","volume":"100","author":"Punda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0b013e3182266f31","article-title":"Prospects of robotic thyroidectomy using a gasless, transaxillary approach for the management of thyroid carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutaneous Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2009.09.007","article-title":"Robotic thyroid surgery using a gasless, transaxillary approach and the da Vinci S system: The operative outcomes of 338 consecutive patients","volume":"146","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e231514","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-231514","article-title":"Postoperative Horner\u2019s syndrome following excision of incidental cervical ganglioneuroma during hemithyroidectomy and parathyroid gland exploration","volume":"13","author":"McCrory","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"699","article-title":"Ganglioneuroma of the neck","volume":"58","author":"Baisakhiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-008-0410-7","article-title":"Neck lesions mimicking thyroid pathology","volume":"394","author":"Donatini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-1433.2004.03030.x","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome in association with thyroid and parathyroid disease","volume":"74","author":"Harding","year":"2004","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-022-02636-z","article-title":"Horner syndrome after thyroid-related surgery: A review","volume":"407","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, Y., Chen, H., Wang, X., Huang, Y., and Yin, G. (2021). Case report and literature review: Horner syndrome subsequent to endoscopic thyroid surgery. BMC Surg., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-020-01042-w"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8888","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008888","article-title":"Horner syndrome as a postoperative complication after minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy: A case report","volume":"96","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/ases.12312","article-title":"Bidirectional Approach of Video-Assisted Neck Surgery (BAVANS): Endoscopic complete central node dissection with craniocaudal view for treatment of thyroid cancer","volume":"10","author":"Nakajo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Endosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"10","article-title":"Surgical management of parapharyngeal space tumours: Results of 10-year follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Bozza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2017.01.002","article-title":"Left parapharyngeal ectopic goitre associated with eutopic thyroid and postoperative Horner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Foma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2021.08.054","article-title":"Surgical management of parapharyngeal lymph node metastases from thyroid carcinoma with transcervical approach","volume":"171","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.04.084","article-title":"Selective lateral compartment neck dissection for thyroid cancer","volume":"184","author":"Welch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v55i4.2639","article-title":"Iatrogenic Horner\u2019s syndrome: A rare complication of thyroid surgery","volume":"55","author":"Perera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ceylon Med. J."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"111","article-title":"Horner\u2019s Syndrome: An Uncommon Complication of Thyroidectomy and Selective Lateral Neck Dissection","volume":"45","author":"Sapalidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-1072-7","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome: An unusual complication of thyroidectomy: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3159","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome subsequent to minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy in two patients","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_419_20","article-title":"Horner syndrome\u2014A rare complication after thyroidectomy for benign thyroid swelling","volume":"24","author":"Janjua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11884","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011884","article-title":"Horner syndrome as a complication after thyroid microwave ablation: Case report and brief literature review","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-315","article-title":"Postoperative Horner\u2019s syndrome after video-assisted thyroidectomy: A report of two cases","volume":"11","author":"Ying","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2015209324","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-209324","article-title":"Horner syndrome after radical neck surgery for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma","volume":"2015","author":"Sandoval","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2018.1489984","article-title":"Comparison between microwave ablation and bipolar radiofrequency ablation in benign thyroid nodules: Differences in energy transmission, duration of application and applied shots","volume":"35","author":"Kohlhase","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1032371","article-title":"Percutaneous microwave ablation of thyroid nodules: Effects on thyroid function and antibodies","volume":"31","author":"Heck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.206347","article-title":"Complications Following Radiofrequency Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4690-y","article-title":"Complications encountered in ultrasonography-guided radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2021260","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 1990 to 2021","volume":"51","author":"Cheong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aace.2020.11.035","article-title":"Horner\u2019s Syndrome During High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation for a Benign Thyroid Nodule","volume":"7","author":"Monpeyssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"AACE Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2020.1846795","article-title":"High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy for benign thyroid nodules: A 3-year retrospective multicenter follow-up study","volume":"37","author":"Monpeyssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9724090","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9724090","article-title":"Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Microwave Ablation for Solid Benign Thyroid Nodules: Comparison of MWA versus Control Group","volume":"2017","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ17-0152","article-title":"US-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules","volume":"64","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017162776","article-title":"Single-Session High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Treatment for Persistent or Relapsed Graves Disease: Preliminary Experience in a Prospective Study","volume":"285","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0386","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome as a complication of percutaneous ethanol treatment of thyroid nodule","volume":"21","author":"Pishdad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69062","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17297","article-title":"A review of the postoperative lymphatic leakage","volume":"8","author":"Lv","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4274\/jtgga.galenos.2021.2021.0028","article-title":"Laparoscopic approach for symptomatic pelvic and para-aortic lymphoceles","volume":"23","author":"Aznar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Turk. Gynecol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109459","article-title":"Treatment of symptomatic postoperative pelvic lymphoceles: A systematic review","volume":"134","author":"Tjiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1131-7889","article-title":"Conventional Lymphangiography (CL) in the Management of Postoperative Lymphatic Leakage (PLL): A Systematic Review","volume":"192","author":"Sommer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.08.15","article-title":"Contemporary lymphatic interventions for post-operative lymphatic leaks","volume":"9","author":"Majdalany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2021.07.022","article-title":"Percutaneous Lymphatic Embolization as Primary Management of Pelvic and Retroperitoneal Iatrogenic Lymphoceles","volume":"32","author":"Moussa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.2.SPINE201667","article-title":"Lymphocele after anterior lumbar interbody fusion: A review of 1322 patients","volume":"35","author":"Scheer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"bcr0220125747","article-title":"A rare complication: Lymphocele following a re-operative right thyroid lobectomy for multinodular goitre","volume":"2012","author":"Touska","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21141","article-title":"Treatments of various otolaryngological cystic diseases by OK-4321: Its in-dications and limitations","volume":"120","author":"Ohta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-001-1252-7","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided drainages and sclerotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Lohela","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32835e9d97","article-title":"Evolution of chylous fistula management after neck dissection","volume":"21","author":"Campisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23104","article-title":"Factors predisposing to chyle leakage following thyroid cancer surgery without lateral neck dissection","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6657(11)70642-4","article-title":"Chylous leakage--rare but still dangerous complication after neck surgery","volume":"65","author":"Nowak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2021.08.042","article-title":"Local injection of hypertonic glucose for treating refractory chylous leakage: The first case report","volume":"44","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E87","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25125","article-title":"Identification of lymphatic channels in the tracheoesophageal groove during central neck dissection for thyroid cancer","volume":"40","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-010-0686-2","article-title":"Management of lymph fistulas in thyroid surgery","volume":"395","author":"Lorenz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2016.12.13","article-title":"Usefulness of CBCT and guidance software for percutaneous embolization of a lymphatic leakage after thyroidectomy for cancer","volume":"5","author":"Ierardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gland Surg."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-020-02475-9","article-title":"Thoracic Duct Embolization in Post-neck Dissection Chylous Leakage: A Case Series of Six Patients and Review of the Literature","volume":"43","author":"Moussa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12744","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012744","article-title":"Granulomatous lymphadenitis mimicking metastatic lymphadenopathy in the neck after lymphatic embolization of chyle leakage: A case report. Medicine","volume":"97","author":"Ryu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-20-629","article-title":"Viscum album extract (Helixor-M) treatment for thoracic duct injury after modified radical neck dissection: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gland Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350616628683","article-title":"Clinical Experience with n-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate in Performing Lateral Neck Dissection for Metastatic Thyroid Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Innov."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0000000000000887","article-title":"Endoscopic Thyroidectomy with Level Vb Dissection Via a Chest-breast Approach: Technical Updates for Selective Lateral Neck Dissection","volume":"31","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutaneous Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350620983640","article-title":"Endoscopic Left Central Lymph Node Dissection of Thyroid Cancer: Safe, Feasible, and Relatively Easy","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Innov."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0000000000000849","article-title":"Endoscopic Lateral Neck Dissection (IIA, IIB, III, and IV) Using a Breast Approach: Outcomes from a Series of the First 24 Cases","volume":"31","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutaneous Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-06608-7","article-title":"Technique for endoscopic thyroidectomy with selective lateral neck dissection via a chest\u2013breast approach","volume":"33","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24852","article-title":"Management of chyle leakage after thyroidectomy, cervical lymph node dissection, in patients with thyroid cancer","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"692","article-title":"Treatment strategy for chylous leakage after dissection of central lymph nodes in thyroid cancer","volume":"91","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Italy Chir."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.05.058","article-title":"Thoracic duct lesions in thyroid surgery: An update on diagnosis, treatment and prevention based on a cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Polistena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4257-4","article-title":"Post-operative nerve injuries after cervical spine surgery","volume":"43","author":"Joaquim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-018-1511-6","article-title":"Primary chondroma of posterior mediastinum with Horner\u2019s syndrome: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2018.03.005","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome following obstetric neuraxial blockade\u2014A systematic review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obstet. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5512-5","article-title":"Paravertebral tumours of the cervicothoracic junction extending into the mediastinum: Surgical strategies in a no man\u2019s land","volume":"27","author":"Prezerakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00405","article-title":"Horner Syndrome: A Clinical Review","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S138980","article-title":"Spontaneous cervical artery dissection in patients aged over 70 years: Two cases and systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Mione","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2017.07.098","article-title":"Supraclavicular block versus interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery: A meta-analysis of clinical control trials","volume":"45","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.03.011","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica presenting with horner syndrome: A case report and review of literature","volume":"14","author":"Zorlu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s13139-016-0437-6","article-title":"Unusual Horner\u2019s Syndrome in Recurrent Breast Cancer: Evaluation Using 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"51","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcr.2017.01.007","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome in traumatic first rib fracture without carotid injury; review of anatomy and pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"Ofri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trauma Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog3590.2017","article-title":"Horner\u2019s syndrome and epidural anesthesia in labor and cesarean section","volume":"44","author":"Vogiatzaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2010.09.016","article-title":"Initial experience with robot-assisted modified radical neck dissection for the management of thyroid carcinoma with lateral neck node metastasis","volume":"148","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-019-01695-x","article-title":"Surgical Complications After Thyroid Surgery: A 10-Year Experience at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"71","author":"Malas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-014-3502-1","article-title":"Surgical complications after robotic thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma: A single center experience with 3,000 patients","volume":"28","author":"Ban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.4.541","article-title":"Postoperative complications of thyroid cancer in a single center experience","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cervico-mediastinal thyroid masses\u2014Our experience","volume":"109","author":"Nistor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chirurgia"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"206","article-title":"Minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of malignant pleuro-pericardial effusions","volume":"107","author":"Ciuche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chirurgia"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"897","article-title":"Betadine in chemical pleurodesis","volume":"62","author":"Nistor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01641-1","article-title":"Thyroid surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Scappaticcio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103393","article-title":"Expanded use of telemedicine for thyroid and parathyroid surgery in the COVID-19 era and beyond","volume":"43","author":"Boles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.07.006","article-title":"Endocrine Surgical Procedures During COVID-19: Patient Prioritization and Time to Surgery","volume":"268","author":"Ermer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"1689039","article-title":"Horner Syndrome Secondary to Thyroid Surgery","volume":"2017","author":"Demiral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-011-2932-2","article-title":"Papillary thyroid carcinoma does not have standard course in children","volume":"27","author":"Karnak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22599","article-title":"Papillary thyroid cancer presenting as Horner syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Yip","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.03.006","article-title":"Frequent adverse events after treatment for childhood-onset differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A single institute experience","volume":"40","author":"Aronson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2617","article-title":"Pediatric endocrine surgery: A 20-year experience at the mayo clinic","volume":"99","author":"Kundel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"7348175","article-title":"Horner\u2019s Syndrome Incidental to Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Excision: Case Report and Brief Literature Review","volume":"2016","author":"Mastronikolis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"366","article-title":"New operative strategy in the treatment of metastasizing medullary carcinoma of the thyroid","volume":"16","author":"Buhr","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. (EJSO)"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04796-w","article-title":"Imaging of Horner syndrome in pediatrics: Association with neuroblastoma","volume":"51","author":"Khalatbari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-020-04692-2","article-title":"Trapdoor anterior thoracotomy for cervicothoracic and apical thoracic neuroblastoma in children","volume":"36","author":"Chui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418774265","article-title":"The prognostic value of concurrent Horner syndrome in surgical decision making at 3 months in total-type neonatal brachial plexus palsy","volume":"43","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.04.013","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of neuroblastoma with head and neck involvement in children","volume":"97","author":"Alvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38628","article-title":"A novel homozygous AP4B1 mutation in two brothers with AP-4 deficiency syndrome and ocular anomalies","volume":"176","author":"Accogli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7575040","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7575040","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-Up in Children with Anisocoria: Cocaine Test Results and Patient Outcome","volume":"2017","author":"Fierz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.07.020","article-title":"Usefulness of cocaine drops in investigating infant anisocoria","volume":"21","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx190","article-title":"Prediction Algorithm for Surgical Intervention in Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy","volume":"82","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-317007","article-title":"Paediatric Horner\u2019s syndrome: Is investigation for underlying malignancy always required?","volume":"104","author":"Braungart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10270-2","article-title":"Nationwide population-based incidence and etiologies of pediatric and adult Horner syndrome","volume":"268","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0718-2","article-title":"A novel case and review of paediatric Horner syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Moussa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0967-0","article-title":"Atypical Horner\u2019s syndrome: Frequency, features and aetiology in a paediatric population","volume":"35","author":"Nutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donaldson, L., Issa, M., Dezard, V., and Margolin, E. (2022). Low probability of myasthenia Gravis in patients presenting to neuro-ophthalmology clinic for evaluation of isolated ptosis. Eur. J. Ophthalmol., 11206721221107300. online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721221107300"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2020.101040","article-title":"Eyelid ptosis (Blepharoptosis) for the primary care practitioner","volume":"66","author":"Avdagic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1598188","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Blepharoptosis: Distinguishing Age-Related Ptosis from Masquerade Conditions","volume":"31","author":"Latting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rjac091","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjac091","article-title":"Blepharoptosis as a complication of percutaneous ethanol injection of thyroid cyst","volume":"2022","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12124","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012124","article-title":"Ptosis in childhood: A clinical sign of several disorders: Case series reports and literature review","volume":"97","author":"Pavone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/2\/474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:01:09Z","timestamp":1760119269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/2\/474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12020474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12020474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]}}}