{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:52:19Z","timestamp":1790675539801,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. Early detection of deformity and timely intervention, such as brace treatment, can help inhibit progressive changes. A three-dimensional (3D) depth-sensor imaging system with a convolutional neural network was previously developed to predict the Cobb angle. The purpose of the present study was to (1) evaluate the performance of the deep learning algorithm (DLA) in predicting the Cobb angle and (2) assess the predictive ability depending on the presence or absence of clothing in a prospective analysis. We included 100 subjects with suspected AIS. The correlation coefficient between the actual and predicted Cobb angles was 0.87, and the mean absolute error and root mean square error were 4.7\u00b0 and 6.0\u00b0, respectively, for Adam\u2019s forward bending without underwear. There were no significant differences in the correlation coefficients between the groups with and without underwear in the forward-bending posture. The performance of the DLA with a 3D depth sensor was validated using an independent external validation dataset. Because the psychological burden of children and adolescents on naked body imaging is an unignorable problem, scoliosis examination with underwear is a valuable alternative in clinics or schools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T05:57:14Z","timestamp":1673243834000},"page":"499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Prediction of Cobb Angle Using Deep Learning Algorithm with Three-Dimensional Depth Sensor Considering the Influence of Garment in Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yoko","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terufumi","family":"Kokabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhisa","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisataka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eniwa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kogane-chuo, Eniwa 061-1449, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9228-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ohnishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2998-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Ukeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuro","family":"Ura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Takahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norimasa","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8635-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Sudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-3-13","article-title":"Trunk asymmetry in juveniles","volume":"3","author":"Grivas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-2-18","article-title":"Discrepancy in clinical versus radiological parameters describing deformity due to brace treatment for moderate idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"2","author":"Kotwicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000068360.47147.30","article-title":"Prediction of Cobb Angle in Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis","volume":"411","author":"Sapkas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. 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