{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:45:29Z","timestamp":1760147129233,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the paper is to describe vascular filling patterns in corneal neovascularization (CoNV) and evaluate the effect of corneal lesion location, CoNV surface area and multi-quadrant CoNV involvement on the filling pattern. It is a retrospective study of patients who were investigated for CoNV using fluorescein angiography (FA) or indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) between January 2010 and July 2020. Angiography images were graded and analyzed multiple independent corneal specialists. The corneal surface was divided into four quadrants and patient information was obtained through electronic records. A total of 133 eyes were analyzed. Corneal lesions were located on the peripheral (72%) or central (28%) cornea. Central lesions were associated with multi-quadrant CoNV more frequently than peripheral lesions (p = 0.15). CoNV located within the same quadrant of the corneal lesion was often first to fill (88.4%). In multi-quadrant CoNV, the physiological inferior\u2013superior\u2013nasal\u2013temporal order of filling was usually respected (61.7%). Central lesions resulted in larger CoNV surface area than peripheral lesions (p = 0.09). In multi-quadrant CoNV, the largest area of neovascularization was also the first to fill in (peripheral lesion 74%, central lesion 65%). Fillings patterns in healthy corneas have previously been reported. Despite CoNV development, these patterns are usually respected. Several factors that may influence filling patterns have been identified, including corneal lesion location, CoNV surface area and aetiology of CoNV. Understanding filling patterns of neovascularization allows for the identification of areas at higher risk of developing CoNV, aiding in earlier detection and intervention of CoNV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:57:33Z","timestamp":1673578653000},"page":"633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of Corneal Angiography Filling Patterns in Corneal Neovascularization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8534-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Pagano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1005-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haider","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Gadhvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5972-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nardine","family":"Menassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Coco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK"},{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5148-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"},{"name":"Eye Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 15, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Lymphatic vessels in vascularized human corneas: Immunohistochemical investigation using LYVE-1 and podoplanin","volume":"43","author":"Cursiefen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. 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