{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T10:31:11Z","timestamp":1784629871987,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fatigue, pain, headache, brain fog, anosmia, ageusia, mood symptoms, and sleep disorders are symptoms commonly experienced by people with post-COVID-19 condition. These symptoms could be considered as manifestations of central sensitization. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether there are indicators of central sensitization by using experimental pain measurements and to determine their association with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). A cross-sectional study including 42 patients after COVID-19 infection was conducted. The central sensitization inventory (CSI) was administered as a PROM to evaluate central-sensitization-associated symptoms. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT), temporal summation, and descending nociceptive pain inhibition (CPM) were assessed as experimental pain measurements. The median score on the CSI was 46.5 (Q1\u2013Q3: 33\u201354). The presence of central-sensitization-associated symptoms was seen in 64.3% of patients based on the CSI (\u226540\/100 points). A deficient CPM was seen in 12% and 14% of patients when measured at the trapezius and rectus femoris, respectively. A negative correlation between pressure sensitivity on the rectus femoris and the CSI score (r = \u22120.36, 95%CI \u22120.13 to \u22120.65, p = 0.007) was observed. Central-sensitization-associated symptoms were present in up to 64.3% of patients post-COVID-19 infection, based on a PROM, i.e., the CSI. A more objective evaluation of nociceptive processing through experimental pain measurements was less suggestive of indicators of central sensitization. Only a small negative correlation between pressure sensitivity and the CSI was observed, thereby pointing towards the discrepancy between the CSI and experimental pain measurements and presumably the complementary need for both to evaluate potential indicators of central sensitization in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:31:32Z","timestamp":1673843492000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Association between Experimental Pain Measurements and the Central Sensitization Inventory in Patients at Least 3 Months after COVID-19 Infection: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Goudman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion (PAIN) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"De Smedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"Roggeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar M.","family":"Hatem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2389-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Schiltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Billot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Roulaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Rigoard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery & Neuromodulation, Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, France"},{"name":"Pprime Institute UPR 3346, CNRS, ISAE-ENSMA, University of Poitiers, 86360 Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion (PAIN) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.Y., Shinde, S.K., Lone, S., Palem, R.R., and Ghodake, G.S. 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