{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:08:13Z","timestamp":1791486493867,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for adhesive capsulitis in older adults from Germany. The one-year and lifetime prevalence of adhesive capsulitis were assessed in adults aged \u226565 years with at least one visit to one of 1207 general practices in Germany in 2021. Associations between physical and psychiatric conditions and adhesive capsulitis were further assessed in older patients diagnosed for the first time with adhesive capsulitis in general practices in 2010\u20132021 (index date) and matched (1:5) to patients without adhesive capsulitis using a propensity score based on age, sex, and the index year. In adults without adhesive capsulitis, the index date was a randomly selected visit date in 2010\u20132021. The one-year and lifetime prevalence of adhesive capsulitis in older adults in 2021 were 0.4% and 2.4%, respectively. In 8439 patients with and 42,195 patients without adhesive capsulitis, 12 conditions were positively and significantly associated with adhesive capsulitis. Effect sizes were strongest for other and unspecified osteoarthritis (OR = 1.93), injury to the shoulder and upper arm (OR = 1.85), and injury to the thorax (OR = 1.47). Based on these findings, adhesive capsulitis can occur at older age, and osteoarthritis and injuries are major risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T04:31:32Z","timestamp":1673843492000},"page":"669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder in Older Adults from Germany"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1071-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lariboisi\u00e8re-Fernand Widal Hospital, AP-HP, University Paris Cit\u00e9, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razak M.","family":"Gyasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Koyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep Maria","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5340-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2124-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Kostev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, IQVIA, 60549 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Adhesive Capsulitis: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"99","author":"Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573216676786","article-title":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: Review of Pathophysiology and Current Clinical Treatments","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shoulder Elb."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"417","article-title":"Adhesive Capsulitis: A Review","volume":"83","author":"Ewald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2013.873814","article-title":"A Report on the Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Frozen Shoulder and Their Relations to Disease Status","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-3930.45272","article-title":"Impact of Adhesive Capsulitis on Quality of Life in Elderly Subjects with Diabetes: A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"28","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"w20188","article-title":"A Large-Scale Assessment of the Healthcare Burden of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder Joint","volume":"150","author":"Bouaicha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1130(97)80025-7","article-title":"A Profile of Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis","volume":"10","author":"Gabard","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarasua, S.M., Floyd, S., Bridges, W.C., and Pill, S.G. (2021). The Epidemiology and Etiology of Adhesive Capsulitis in the U.S. Medicare Population. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04704-9"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12246","article-title":"Case Control Study of Risk Factors for Frozen Shoulder in China","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"361","article-title":"Risk Factors for Idiopathic Frozen Shoulder","volume":"10","author":"Milgrom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2019.11.024","article-title":"Risk Factors for Adhesive Capsulitis Requiring Shoulder Arthroscopy: A Clinical Retrospective Case Series Study","volume":"19","author":"Selley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.10.049","article-title":"Risk Factors in Idiopathic Adhesive Capsulitis: A Case Control Study","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S309783","article-title":"Prevalence and Patterns of Comorbidity Among Middle-Aged and Elderly People in China: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on CHARLS Data","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrath, R., Al Snih, S., Markides, K., Hall, O., and Peterson, M. (2019). The Burden of Health Conditions for Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States: Disability-Adjusted Life Years. BMC Geriatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1110-6"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.03.015","article-title":"The Relationship between the Incidence of Adhesive Capsulitis and Hemoglobin A1c","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12459","article-title":"Aging Is Associated with Increased HbA1c Levels, Independently of Glucose Levels and Insulin Resistance, and Also with Decreased HbA1c Diagnostic Specificity","volume":"31","author":"Dubowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.5414\/CP203320","article-title":"Basic Characteristics and Representativeness of the German Disease Analyzer Database","volume":"56","author":"Rathmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v13.i10.344","article-title":"Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis in Cancer Patients Undergoing Positron Emission Tomography\u2014Computed Tomography and the Association with Shoulder Pain","volume":"13","author":"Hayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"483","article-title":"Association between Frozen Shoulder and Thyroid Diseases: Strengthening the Evidences","volume":"55","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ortop."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.01.2016.04","article-title":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder and Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence","volume":"6","author":"Zreik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Ligaments Tendons J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.04.004","article-title":"Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis: Epidemiology and Predictors of Surgery","volume":"27","author":"Kingston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967120986808","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120986808","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia Is a Risk Factor of Adhesive Capsulitis: Real-World Evidence Using the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020703","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020703","article-title":"The Role of Psychological Factors in the Perpetuation of Pain Intensity and Disability in People with Chronic Shoulder Pain: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Meeus","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17204","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017204","article-title":"The Impact of Pre-Existing Shoulder Diseases and Traumatic Injuries of the Shoulder on Adhesive Capsulitis in Adult Population: A Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"98","author":"Tzeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"359","article-title":"Etiological Factors and Clinical Profile of Adhesive Capsulitis in Patients Seen at the Rheumatology Clinic of a Tertiary Care Hospital in India","volume":"25","author":"Rauoof","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2020.07.002","article-title":"The Presence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Increases the Risk of Developing Postoperative Shoulder Stiffness after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair","volume":"29","author":"Cucchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13347","article-title":"Increased Risk of Adhesive Capsulitis among Patients with Gout: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched-Cohort Study","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, September 10). Statistica Population of Germany as of December 31, 2021, by Age Group. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/454349\/population-by-age-group-germany\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2021.06.14","article-title":"Palmar and Plantar Fibromatosis: A Review","volume":"55","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.07.005","article-title":"A Shared Genetic Architecture Between Adhesive Capsulitis and Dupuytren\u2019s Disease","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.04.008","article-title":"Gout: An Old Disease in New Perspective\u2014A Review","volume":"8","author":"Ragab","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.03.010","article-title":"Comparative Proteome Analysis of the Capsule from Patients with Frozen Shoulder","volume":"27","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04183","article-title":"Hyperthyroidism Is a Risk Factor for Developing Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Population-Based Study","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-018-0567-3","article-title":"Frozen Shoulder or Shoulder Stiffness from Parkinson Disease?","volume":"103","author":"Papalia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911532","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.911532","article-title":"Risk Factors for the Onset of Frozen Shoulder in Middle-Aged and Elderly Subjects within 1 Year of Discharge from a Hospitalization That Involved Intravenous Infusion: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-200186","article-title":"The Efficacy of Physiotherapy Interventions in the Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Nakandala","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.O.00007","article-title":"Is There a Genetic Predisposition to Frozen Shoulder?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Prodromidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBJS Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/2\/669\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:06:08Z","timestamp":1760119568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/2\/669"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12020669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12020669","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]}}}