{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:39:53Z","timestamp":1776091193148,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common of the malignancies affecting the urinary tract. Smoking and exposure to occupational and environmental carcinogens are responsible for most cases. Vall\u00e8s Occidental is a highly industrialized area in north-eastern Spain with one of the highest incidences of BC in men. We carried out a case\u2013control study in order to identify the specific risk factors involved in this area. Three hundred and six participants were included (153 cases BC and 153 controls matched for age and sex): in each group, 89.5% (n = 137) were male and the mean age was 71 years (range 30\u201391; SD = 10.6). There were no differences between groups in family history, body mass index, or dietary habits. Independent risk factors for CV were smoking (OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.30\u20133.32; p = 0.002), the use of analgesics in nonsmokers (OR 10.00; 95% CI 1.28\u201378.12; p = 0.028), and profession (OR: 8.63; 95% CI 1.04\u201371.94; p = 0.046). The consumption of black and blond tobacco, the use of analgesics in nonsmokers, and occupational exposures are risk factors for the development of BC in this area, despite the reduction in smoking in the population and the extensive measures taken in the last few decades in major industries to prevent exposure to occupational carcinogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T03:41:52Z","timestamp":1673926912000},"page":"728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk Factors Involved in the High Incidence of Bladder Cancer in an Industrialized Area in North-Eastern Spain: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Caballero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, Plaza Dr. Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Edificio M Campus Universitario UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, Plaza Dr. Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, Plaza Dr. Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Gom\u00e1riz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, Plaza Dr. Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, Plaza Dr. Robert 5, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Mart\u00edn-Baranera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Edificio M Campus Universitario UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Consorci Sanitari Integral, Avinguda Josep Molins 29-41, 08906 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.03.017","article-title":"EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, the 2011 update","volume":"59","author":"Babjuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. 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