{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:57:21Z","timestamp":1783105041021,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health\u2014Current Research IRCCS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Antegrade sclerotherapy (Tauber) effectively treats varicocele. However, fluoroscopy exposes young males to ionizing radiation. We aimed to evaluate radiation exposure and surgical outcomes after the Tauber procedure. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analysed data from 251 patients. Dose area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy time were recorded. The effective dose was calculated with the PCXMC software. Descriptive statistics and linear regression tested the association between clinical predictors and radiation exposure. Results: Median (IQR) age and body mass index (BMI) were 14 (13\u201316) years and 20.1 (17.9\u201321.6) kg\/m\u00b2. Five (2.1%) patients developed clinical recurrence and two (0.81%) developed complications. Median fluoroscopy time and DAP were 38.5 (27.7\u201354.0) s and 89.6 (62.5\u2013143.9) cGy*cm2. The effective dose was 0.19 (0.14\u20130.31) mSv. Fluoroscopy time was higher in patients with collateral veins (41 (26\u201349) s vs. 36 (31\u201361) s, p = 0.02). The median amount of sclerosing agent (SA) used was 3 (3\u20134) ml. DAP was higher when SA &gt; 3 mL was used (101.4 (65\u2013183) cGy*cm2 vs. 80.5 (59\u2013119) cGy*cm2; p &lt; 0.01). At univariable linear regression, age, BMI, operative time and SA &gt; 3 mL were associated with higher DAP (all p &lt; 0.01). At multivariable linear regression, only BMI (beta 12.9, p &lt; 0.001) and operative time (beta 1.9, p &lt; 0.01) emerged as predictors of higher DAP, after accounting for age and SA &gt; 3 mL. Conclusions: The Tauber procedure is safe and associated with low effective doses. Operative time and the patient\u2019s BMI independently predict a higher radiation dose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T03:04:44Z","timestamp":1674011084000},"page":"755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Radiation Exposure and Surgical Outcomes after Antegrade Sclerotherapy for the Treatment of Varicocele in the Paediatric Population: A Single Centre Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9393-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Bebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bilato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8399-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario Guido","family":"Minoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Adalgisa","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2495-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Gnech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3529-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Paraboschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Boeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6177-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Fulgheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8975-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Campoleoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1979-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Albo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianantonio","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berrettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2000.00735.x","article-title":"The prevalence of varicocele and varicocele-related testicular atrophy in Turkish children and adolescents","volume":"86","author":"Akbay","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1992). 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Urol., 18.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.12.013"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/3\/755\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:49Z","timestamp":1760119729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/3\/755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12030755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12030755","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}}}