{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T21:21:05Z","timestamp":1789852865480,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","award":["HHS-2021-ACL-NIDILRR-SIMS-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-2021-ACL-NIDILRR-SIMS-004"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0845"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research","award":["B3456-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B3456-P"]}]},{"name":"DoD-CDMRP clinical trial program award number","award":["HHS-2021-ACL-NIDILRR-SIMS-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-2021-ACL-NIDILRR-SIMS-004"]}]},{"name":"DoD-CDMRP clinical trial program award number","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0845"]}]},{"name":"DoD-CDMRP clinical trial program award number","award":["B3456-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B3456-P"]}]},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs-SPiRE Program","award":["HHS-2021-ACL-NIDILRR-SIMS-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-2021-ACL-NIDILRR-SIMS-004"]}]},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs-SPiRE Program","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0845"]}]},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs-SPiRE Program","award":["B3456-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B3456-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that can significantly affect an individual\u2019s life, causing paralysis, autonomic dysreflexia, and chronic pain. Transspinal stimulation (TSS) is a non-invasive form of neuromodulation that activates the underlying neural circuitries of the spinal cord. Application of TSS can be performed through multiple stimulation protocols, which may vary in the electrodes\u2019 size or position as well as stimulation parameters, and which may influence the response of motor functions to the stimulation. Due to the novelty of TSS, it is beneficial to summarize the available evidence to identify the range of parameters that may provide the best outcomes for motor response. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies examining the effects of TSS on limb motor function. A literature search yielded 34 studies for analysis, in which electrode placement and stimulation parameters varied considerably. The stimulation protocols from each study and their impact on limb motor function were summarized. Electrode placement was variable based on the targeted limb. Studies for the upper limbs targeted the cervical enlargement with anatomical placement of the cathode over the cervical vertebral region. In lower-limb studies, the cathode(s) were placed over the thoracic and lumbar vertebral regions, to target the lumbar enlargement. The effects of carrier frequency were inconclusive across the studies. Multisite cathodal placements yielded favorable motor response results compared to single-site placement. This review briefly summarized the current mechanistic evidence of the effect of TSS on motor response after SCI. Our findings indicate that optimization of stimulation parameters will require future randomized controlled studies to independently assess the effects of different stimulation parameters under controlled circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:50:41Z","timestamp":1674449441000},"page":"854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Optimization of Transspinal Stimulation Applications for Motor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury: Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Uzair","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1403-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin","family":"Sneed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5072-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommy W.","family":"Sutor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Hoenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA"},{"name":"Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9157-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf S.","family":"Gorgey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, April 13). 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