{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:56:02Z","timestamp":1791140162705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the prognostic impact of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) counts in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). Data regarding the prognostic impact of inflammatory biomarkers in CS are scarce. All consecutive patients with CS from 2019 to 2021 admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit (ICU) were included at one institution. Laboratory measurements were retrieved from the day of admission (i.e., day 1), as well as days 2, 3, 4, and 8. The primary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality. Statistical analyses included univariate t-tests, Spearman\u2019s correlations, C-statistics, Kaplan\u2013Meier, and Cox regression analyses. From a total of 240 consecutive patients admitted with CS, 55% died within 30 days. CRP levels on days 3 to 8 were associated with reliable discrimination for 30-day all-cause mortality (area under the curve (AUC): 0.623\u20130.754), whereas CRP on day 1 was not (AUC = 0.514). In line, CRP &gt; 100 mg\/L on day 3 (56% vs. 37%; log-rank p = 0.023; HR = 1.702; 95% CI 1.060\u20132.735; p = 0.028) and especially a CRP increase of at least 200% from days 1 to day 3 (51% vs. 35%; log-rank p = 0.040; HR = 1.720; 95% CI 1.006\u20132.943; p = 0.048) were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Furthermore, WBC on day 1 discriminated 30-day all-cause mortality (AUC = 0.605; p = 0.005) with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients admitted with WBC &gt; 10 \u00d7 106\/mL (59% vs. 40%; log-rank p = 0.036; HR = 1.643; 95% CI 1.010\u20132.671; p = 0.045). In conclusion, WBC count on admission as well as CRP levels during the course of ICU treatment were associated with 30-day all-cause mortality. Specifically, an increase of CRP levels by at least 200% from day 1 to day 3 during the course of ICU treatment was associated with an increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality. The present study is one of the first to describe the prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers in consecutive all-comer CS patients treated at a cardiac ICU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T11:19:53Z","timestamp":1675077593000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["C-Reactive Protein and White Blood Cell Count in Cardiogenic Shock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Dudda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8171-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Schupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Rusnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Weidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Abumayyaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinela","family":"Ruka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6874-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Egner-Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Forner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8793-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Interventional Electrophysiology, Heart Centre Bad Neustadt, 97616 Bad Neustadt a. d. Saale, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bertsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2580-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Kittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Akin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Behnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"European Center for AngioScience (ECAS), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg\/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908263410901","article-title":"Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. 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