{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T11:06:10Z","timestamp":1770462370894,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]],"date-time":"2023-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"B\u00fcrgermeisterfond der Stadt Wien","award":["COVID052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID052"]}]},{"name":"Association for the Promotion of Research on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB)","award":["COVID052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID052"]}]},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for CV Research","award":["COVID052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Excess cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality has been observed in patients with COVID-19. Both interleukin-32 (IL-32) and interleukin-34 (IL-34) have been hypothesized to contribute to CV involvement in COVID-19. Methods: This prospective, observational study of patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection was conducted from 6 June to 22 December 2020 in a tertiary care hospital in Vienna, Austria. IL-32 and IL-34 levels on admission were collected and tested for their association with CV disease and short-term mortality in patients with COVID-19. CV disease was defined by the presence of coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke or atrial fibrillation and patients were stratified by CV disease burden. Results: A total of 245 eligible patients with COVID-19 were included, of whom 37 (15.1%) reached the primary endpoint of 28-day mortality. Of the total sample, 161 had no CV disease (65.7%), 69 had one or two CV diseases (28.2%) and 15 patients had \u2265three CV diseases (6.1%). Median levels of IL-32 and IL-34 at admission were comparable across the three groups of CV disease burden. IL-32 and IL-34 failed to predict mortality upon both univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis. The two CV disease groups, however, had a significantly higher risk of mortality within 28 days (one or two CV diseases: crude HR 4.085 (95% CI, 1.913\u20138.725), p &lt; 0.001 and \u2265three CV diseases: crude HR 13.173 (95% CI, 5.425\u201331.985), p &lt; 0.001). This association persisted for those with \u2265three CV diseases after adjustment for age, gender and CV risk factors (adjusted HR 3.942 (95% CI, 1.288\u201312.068), p = 0.016). Conclusion: In our study population of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, IL-32 and IL-34 did not show any associations with CV disease or 28-day mortality in the context of COVID-19. Patients with multiple CV diseases, however, had a significantly increased risk of short-term mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T11:19:53Z","timestamp":1675077593000},"page":"975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association of Interleukin-32 and Interleukin-34 with Cardiovascular Disease and Short-Term Mortality in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christoph C.","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amro","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Muthspiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Rostocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5409-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edita","family":"Pogran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Zweiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achim Leo","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Aicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander O.","family":"Spiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Vafai-Tabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Medical Department with Pneumology and Karl-Landsteiner-Institute for Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gschwantler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, 1020 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Fasching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Wojta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine 2, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Core Facilities, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for CV Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Medical Department with Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinik Ottakring (Wilhelminenhospital), 1160 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, 1020 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for CV Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2002387","article-title":"Covid-19\u2014Navigating the Uncharted","volume":"382","author":"Fauci","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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