{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:37:03Z","timestamp":1787801823150,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF- 2019R1G1A1003139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF- 2019R1G1A1003139"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2021R1A4A3022102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A4A3022102"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF- 2019R1G1A1003139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF- 2019R1G1A1003139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A4A3022102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A4A3022102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) are two of the most common macular diseases. This study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning model for classifying the subtypes of nAMD (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, retinal angiomatous proliferation, and typical nAMD) and CSC (chronic CSC and acute CSC) and healthy individuals using single spectral\u2013domain optical coherence tomography (SD\u2013OCT) images. The proposed model was trained and tested using 6063 SD\u2013OCT images from 521 patients and 47 healthy participants. We used three well-known CNN architectures (VGG\u201316, VGG\u201319, and ResNet) and two customized classification layers. Additionally, transfer learning and mix\u2013up-based data augmentation were applied to improve robustness and accuracy. Our model demonstrated high accuracies of 99.7% and 91.1% in the nAMD and CSC classification and retinopathy (nAMD and CSC) subtype classification, including normal participants, respectively. Furthermore, we performed an external test to compare the classification accuracy with that of eight ophthalmologists, and our model showed the highest accuracy. The region determined to be important for classification by the model was confirmed using gradient-weighted class activation mapping. The model\u2019s clinical criteria were similar to that of the ophthalmologists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T01:33:37Z","timestamp":1675042417000},"page":"1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Detecting Macular Disease Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Using a Deep Convolutional Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8911-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyoung","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"RaonData, Seoul 04615, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"RaonData, Seoul 04615, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4662-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji In","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Seo","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul Plus Eye Clinic, Seoul 01751, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6379-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Mo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul Bombit Eye Clinic, Sejong 30127, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junseo","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"RaonData, Seoul 04615, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeewoo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"RaonData, Seoul 04615, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1808-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Duck-Jin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hangil Eye Hospital, #35 Bupyeong-daero, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 21388, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Lux Mind, Incheon 21388, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00889.x","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.477","article-title":"Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States","volume":"122","author":"Congdon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. 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