{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T08:40:17Z","timestamp":1771663217200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Instituto Carlos III and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["PI-18\/00734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-18\/00734"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Instituto Carlos III and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["PI-21\/00459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-21\/00459"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Instituto Carlos III and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["PI-18\/00734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-18\/00734"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Instituto Carlos III and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional","award":["PI-21\/00459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-21\/00459"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prader\u2013Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder produced by a lack of expression of paternally derived genes in the 15q11\u201313 region. Research has generally focused on its genetic and behavioral expression, but only a few studies have examined epigenetic influences. Prenatal testosterone or the maternal testosterone-to-estradiol ratio (MaTtEr) has been suggested to play an important role in the development of the \u2018social brain\u2019 during pregnancy. Some studies propose the 2D:4D digit ratio of the hand as an indirect MaTtEr measure. The relationship between social performance and MaTtEr has been studied in other neurodevelopmental conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but to our best knowledge, it has never been studied in PWS. Therefore, our study aims to clarify the possible existence of a relationship between social performance\u2014as measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)\u2014and MaTtEr levels using the 2D:4D ratio. We found that, as a group, PWS individuals have shorter index and ring fingers than the control group, but no significant difference in the 2D:4D ratios. The 2D:4D ratio showed a correlation only with Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behavior Subscale, where a positive correlation only for male individuals with PWS was found. Considering only PWS with previous GH treatment during childhood\/adolescence (PWS-GH), index and ring fingers did not show differences in length with the control group, but the 2D:4D ratio was significantly higher in the right or dominant hand compared to controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T05:33:53Z","timestamp":1675229633000},"page":"1155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Exploratory Analysis on the 2D:4D Digit Ratio and Its Relationship with Social Responsiveness in Adults with Prader\u2013Willi Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"G\u00e1mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Department, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona\u2014CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2032-9343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus","family":"Cobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Department, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona\u2014CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT)\u2014CERCA, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meritxell","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Lafitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Department, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona\u2014CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Coronas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Department, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona\u2014CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Department, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona\u2014CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT)\u2014CERCA, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan Carles","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics Unit, Fundaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014(I3PT)\u2014CERCA, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"\u00c0lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0414-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Esteba-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Mental Health and Intellectual Disability Department, Institut d\u2019Assist\u00e8ncia Sanit\u00e0ria, Parc Hospitalari Mart\u00ed i Juli\u00e0, 17190 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Neurodevelopment Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute IDIBGI, Institut d\u2019Assist\u00e8ncia Sanit\u00e0ria, Parc Hospitalari Mart\u00ed i Juli\u00e0, 17190 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4526-6342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Palop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Parc Taul\u00ed, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Corripio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Department, Parc Taul\u00ed Hospital Universitari, Institutd\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3323-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego J.","family":"Palao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Department, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona\u2014CIBERSAM, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT)\u2014CERCA, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assumpta","family":"Caix\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Parc Taul\u00ed, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed\u2014Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08202 Sabadell, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624581","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.624581","article-title":"Epigenetics in Prader-Willi Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Mendiola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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